Close front rounded vowel

Close front rounded vowel
y
IPA number	309
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	y
Unicode (hex)	U+0079
X-SAMPA	y
Kirshenbaum	y
Braille
Sound
source · help

The close front rounded vowel, or high front rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Acoustically it is a close front-central rounded vowel. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨y⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is y. Across many languages, it is most commonly represented orthographically as ⟨ü⟩ (in German, Turkish and Basque) or ⟨y⟩, but also as ⟨u⟩ (in French and a few other Romance languages); ⟨iu⟩/⟨yu⟩ (in the romanization of various Asian languages); ⟨ű⟩ (in Hungarian for the long duration version; the short version is the ⟨ü⟩ found in other European alphabets); or ⟨уь⟩ (in Cyrillic-based writing systems such as that for Chechen)

Short /y/ and long /yː/ occurred in pre-Modern Greek. In the Attic and Ionic dialects of Ancient Greek, front [y yː] developed by fronting from back /u uː/ around the 6th to 7th century BC. A little later, the diphthong /yi/ when not before another vowel monophthongized and merged with long /yː/. In Koine Greek, the diphthong /oi/ changed to [yː], likely through the intermediate stages [øi] and [øː]. Through vowel shortening in Koine Greek, long /yː/ merged with short /y/. Later, /y/ unrounded to [i], yielding the pronunciation of Modern Greek. For more information, see the articles on Ancient Greek and Koine Greek phonology.

The close front rounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the labialized palatal approximant [ɥ]. The two are almost identical featurally. [y] alternates with [ɥ] in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, ⟨y̯⟩ with the non-syllabic diacritic and ⟨ɥ⟩ are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound.

The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".

In most languages, this rounded vowel is pronounced with compressed lips ('exolabial'). However, in a few cases the lips are protruded ('endolabial').

Close front compressed vowel

Features

IPA vowel chart
Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back Close •iy •ɨʉ •ɯu •ɪʏ •ɪ̈ʊ̈ •ɯ̽ʊ •eø •ɘɵ •ɤo •e̞ø̞ •əɵ̞ •ɤ̞o̞ •ɛœ •ɜɞ •ʌɔ •æ •ɐɞ̞ •aɶ •äɒ̈ •ɑɒ Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded
This table contains phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help]
IPA help • IPA key • chart •  chart with audio • view

• Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
• Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
• Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.

Occurrence

Because front rounded vowels are assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some examples in the table below may actually have protrusion.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Afrikaans		uur	[yːr]	'hour'	See Afrikaans phonology
Albanian		dy	[dy]	'two'
Azeri		güllə	[ɟylˈlæ]	'bullet'
Basque	Souletin	hirü	[hiɾy]	'three'
Bavarian	Amstetten dialect				Near-front.
Breton		tut	[tyːd]	'people'
Catalan	Northern	but	[byt̪]	'aim'	Found in Occitan and French loanwords. See Catalan phonology
Chechen		уьш / üş	[yʃ]	'they'
Chinese	Cantonese	書/syu1	[syː˥]	'book'	See Cantonese phonology
	Mandarin	绿/lǜ	[ly˥˩]	'green'	See Mandarin phonology
	Wu	软/gniu	[ɲy˩˧]	'soft'
Chuvash		ÿс / üs	[ys]	'to grow'
Cornish		tus	[tyːz]	'people'	Corresponds to /iː/ in "Late" dialect.
Danish	Standard	synlig	[ˈs̺y̠ːnli]	'visible'	Near-front. See Danish phonology
Dutch	Standard Belgian	fuut	[fy̠t]	'grebe'	Near-front, also described as near-close [ʏ]. See Dutch phonology
English	General South African	few	[fjyː]	'few'	Some younger speakers, especially females. Others pronounce a more central vowel [ʉː].
	Multicultural London				May be back [uː] instead.
	Scouse				May be central [ʉː] instead.
	Ulster				Long allophone of /u/; occurs only after /j/. See English phonology
	Scottish		[fjy]		Some dialects. Corresponds to [u ~ ʉ] in other dialects. See English phonology
Estonian		üks	[y̠ks]	'one'	Near-front. See Estonian phonology
Finnish		yksi	[ˈy̠ksi]	'one'	Near-front. See Finnish phonology
French		chute	[ʃyt̪]	'fall'	See French phonology
German	Standard	über	[ˈʔy̠ːbɐ]	'above'	Near-front. See German phonology
Hungarian		tű	[t̪y̠ː]	'pin'	Near-front. See Hungarian phonology
Limburgish		bruudsje	[ˈbʀ̝y̠t͡ʃə]	'breadroll'	Near-front. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lombard		düü	[dyː]	'two'
Luxembourgish		Hüll	[hyl]	'envelope'	Occurs only in loanwords. See Luxembourgish phonology
Mongolian		түймэр/tüimer	[tʰyːmɘɾɘ̆]	'prairie fire'
North Frisian		hüüs	[hyːs]	'hoarse'
Occitan	Gascon	lua	[ˈlyo̞]	'moon'	See Occitan phonology
	Languedocien	luna	[ˈlyno̞]
	Provençal
Piedmontese		curt	[kyrt]	'short'
Portuguese	Azorean	figura	[fiˈɣy̠ɾə]	'figure'	Near-front. Stressed vowel, fronting of original /u/ in some dialects. See Portuguese phonology
	Peninsular	tudo	[ˈt̪y̠ðu]	'all'
	Brazilian	déjà vu	[d̪e̞ʒɐ ˈvy]	'déjà vu'	Found in French and German loanwords. Speakers may instead use [u] or [i]. See Portuguese phonology
Scots		buit	[byt]	'boot'
Slovak	Standard	menu	[ˈme̞ny]	'menu'	Only in loanwords; may be closer to [i] or [u] instead. Reported only by one source from 1988. See Slovak phonology
Turkish		güneş	[ɟy̠ˈn̪e̞ʃ]	'sun'	Near-front. See Turkish phonology
West Frisian		drúf	[dryːf]	'grape'	See West Frisian phonology

Close front protruded vowel

Close front protruded vowel
y̫
yʷ
iʷ

Catford notes that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization, protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels. However, a few languages, such as Scandinavian ones, have protruded front vowels. One of these, Swedish, even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels (see near-close near-front rounded vowel, with Swedish examples of both types of rounding).

As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨  ̫⟩, will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded front vowels. Another possible transcription is ⟨yʷ⟩ or ⟨iʷ⟩ (a close front vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.

Features

• Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
• Its vowel backness is near-front. also known as front-central or centralized front, which means the tongue is positioned almost as far forward as a front vowel.
• Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Norwegian	Standard Eastern	syd	[sy̫ːd]	'south'	See Norwegian phonology
Swedish	Central Standard	yla	[y̫ːl̪ä]	'howl'	May be a sequence [yɥ] instead. See Swedish phonology

See also

• Near-close near-front protruded vowel
• Close central protruded vowel
• Index of phonetics articles

Bibliography

• Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
• Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406
• Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 140, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
• Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
• Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
• Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan (ed.), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
• Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar (PDF), Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2014
• Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
• Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies, 29: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
• Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28: 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307
• Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
• Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
• Kráľ, Ábel (1988), Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
• Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
• Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, ISBN 9783411040667
• Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
• Recasens, Daniel (1996), Fonètica descriptiva del català: assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i el consonantisme català al segle XX (2nd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 978-84-7283-312-8
• Suomi, Kari; Toivanen, Juhani; Ylitalo, Riikka (2008), Finish sound structure, ISBN 978-951-42-8983-5
• Szende, Tamás (1994), "Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090
• Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 2: 289–333, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006290
• Trouvain, Jürgen; Gilles, Peter (2009), PhonLaf - Phonetic Online Material for Luxembourgish as a Foreign Language 1 (PDF), pp. 74–77
• Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetik, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
• Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
• Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
• Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 351–360, doi:10.1017/s0025100307003180
• Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet (PDF), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7