Comparison of battery types

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Common characteristics

Cell chemistry Also known as Electrode Re­charge­able Com­mercial­ized Voltage Energy density Specific power Cost† Discharge efficiency Self-discharge rate Shelf life
Anode Cathode Cutoff Nominal 100% SOC by mass by volume
year V V V MJ/kg
(Wh/kg)		 MJ/L
(Wh/L)		 W/kg Wh/$
($/kWh)		 % %/month years
Lead-acid SLA
VRLA		 Lead Lead dioxide Yes 1881[1] 1.75[2] 2.1[2] 2.23–2.32[2] 0.11–0.14
(30–40)[2]		 0.22–0.27
(60–75)[2]		 180[2] 7–18.01
(56–143)[2]		 50–92[2] 3–20[2]
Zinc-carbon Carbon-zinc Zinc Carbon No 1898[3] 0.75–0.9[3] 1.5[3] 0.13
(36)[3]		 0.33
(92)[3]		 10–27[3] 3.2
(312)[3]		 50–60[3] 0.32[3] 3–5[4]
Zinc-air PR Oxygen No 1932[5] 0.9[5] 1.45–1.65[5] 1.59
(442)[5]		 6.02
(1,673)[5]		 100[5] 2.8
(357)[5]		 60–70[5] 0.17[5] 3[5]
Mercury oxide-zinc Mercuric oxide
Mercury cell		 Mercuric oxide No 1942–[6] 1996[7] 0.9[8] 1.35[8] 0.36–0.44
(99–123)[8]		 1.1–1.8
(300–500)[8]		 2[6]
Alkaline Zn/MnO
2
LR		 Manganese (IV) oxide No 1949[9] 0.9[10] 1.5[11] 1.6[10] 0.31–0.68
(85–190)[12]		 0.90–1.56
(250–434)[12]		 50[12] 0.5
(1999)[12]		 45–85[12] 0.17[12] 5–10[4]
Rechargeable alkaline RAM Yes 1992[13] 0.9[14] 1.57[14] 1.6[14] <1[13]
Silver-oxide SR Silver oxide No 1960[15] 1.2[16] 1.55[16] 1.6[17] 0.47
(130)[17]		 1.8
(500)[17]
Nickel-zinc NiZn Nickel oxide hydroxide Yes 2009[13] 0.9[13] 1.65[13] 1.85[13] 13[13]
Nickel-iron NiFe Iron Yes 1901[18] 4.5[19] 6[19] 7.2[19] 0.07–0.09
(19–25)[20]		 0.45
(125)[21]		 100 4.26–5.68
(176–235)[1]		 20–30 30–[22] 50[23][24]
Nickel-cadmium NiCd
NiCad		 Cadmium Yes c. 1960[25] 0.9–1.05[26] 1.2[27] 1.3[26] 0.11
(30)[27]		 0.36
(100)[27]		 150–200[28] 10[13]
Nickel-hydrogen NiH
2
Ni-H
2		 Hydrogen Yes 1975[29] 1.0[30] 1.55[28] 0.16–0.23
(45–65)[28]		 0.22
(60)[31]		 150–200[28] 5[31]
Nickel-metal hydride NiMH
Ni-MH		 Metal hydride Yes 1990[1] 0.9–1.05[26] 1.2[11] 1.3[26] 0.36
(100)[11]		 1.44
(401)[32]		 250–1000 3.41
(293)[1]		 30[33]
Low self-discharge nickel-metal hydride LSD NiMH Yes 2005[34] 0.9–1.05[26] 1.2 1.3[26] 0.34
(95)[35]		 1.27
(353)[36]		 250–1000 0.42[33]
Lithium-manganese dioxide Lithium
Li-MnO
2
CR
Li-Mn		 Lithium Manganese dioxide No 1976[37] 2[38] 3[11] 0.54–1.19
(150–330)[39]		 1.1–2.6
(300–710)[39]		 250–400[39] 1 5-10[39]
Lithium-carbon monofluoride Li-(CF)
x
BR		 Carbon monofluoride No 1976[37] 2[40] 3[40] 0.94–2.81
(260–780)[39]		 1.58–5.32
(440–1,478)[39]		 50–80[39] 0.2–0.3[41] 15[39]
Lithium-iron disulfide Li-FeS
2
FR		 Iron disulfide No 1989[42] 0.9[42] 1.5[42] 1.8[42] 1.07
(297)[42]		 2.1
(580)[43]		 0.05[42] 10–20[42]
Lithium cobalt oxide LiCoO
2
ICR
LCO
Li‑cobalt[44]		 Graphite‡ Lithium cobalt oxide Yes 1991[45] 2.5[46] 3.7[47] 4.2[46] 0.70
(195)[47]		 2.0
(560)[47]		 2.84
(352)[1]
Lithium iron phosphate LiFePO
4
IFR
LFP
Li‑phosphate[44]		 Lithium iron phosphate Yes 1996[48] 2[46] 3.2[47] 3.65[46] 0.32–0.47
(90–130)[47]		 1.20
(333)[47]		 200 [49] 4.5
Lithium manganese oxide LiMn
2O
4
IMR
LMO
Li‑manganese[44]		 Lithium manganese oxide Yes 1999[1] 2.5[50] 3.9[47] 4.2[50] 0.54
(150)[47]		 1.5
(420)[47]		 2.84
(352)[1]
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide LiNiCoAlO
2
NCA
Li‑aluminum[44]		 Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide Yes 1999 3.0[51] 3.6[47] 4.3[51] 0.79
(220)[47]		 2.2
(600)[47]
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide LiNiMnCoO
2
INR
NMC[44]
NCM[47]		 Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide Yes 2008[52] 2.5[46] 3.6[47] 4.2[46] 0.74
(205)[47]		 2.1
(580)[47]

^† Cost in USD, adjusted for inflation.

^‡ Typical. See Lithium-ion battery § Negative electrode for alternative electrode materials.

Rechargeable characteristics

Cell chemistry Charge efficiency Cycle durability
% # cycles
Lead-acid 50–92[2] 500 typical, 800 max[2]
Rechargeable alkaline 5-100[13]
Nickel-zinc 100 to 50% capacity[13]
Nickel-iron 65–80 5000
Nickel-cadmium 500[25]
Nickel-hydrogen 20,000[31]
Nickel-metal hydride 66 300–800[13]
Low self-discharge nickel-metal hydride battery 500-1500[13]
Lithium cobalt oxide 500–1000
Lithium iron phosphate 1000–2000
Lithium manganese oxide 300–700
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide 1000-1500[53]
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide 5000[53]

Thermal runaway

Under certain conditions, some battery chemistries are at risk of thermal runaway, leading to cell rupture or combustion. As thermal runaway is determined not only by cell chemistry but also cell size, cell design, and charge[54] only the worst-case values are reflected here.

Cell chemistry Overcharge Overheat
Onset Onset Runaway Peak
SOC% °C °C °C/min
Lithium cobalt oxide 150[54] 165[54] 190[54] 440[54]
Lithium iron phosphate 100[54] 220[54] 240[54] 21[54]
Lithium manganese oxide 110[54] 210[54] 240[54] 100+[54]
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide 125[54] 140[54] 195[54] 260[54]
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide 170[54] 160[54] 230[54] 100+[54]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Mpower: Nickel Iron Batteries
  23. ↑ A description of the Chinese nickel–iron battery from BeUtilityFree
  24. ↑ "Nickel Iron Battery Frequently Asked Questions" BeUtilityFree
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Spacecraft Power Systems Pag.9
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 39.5 39.6 39.7 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 42.5 42.6 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ 47.00 47.01 47.02 47.03 47.04 47.05 47.06 47.07 47.08 47.09 47.10 47.11 47.12 47.13 47.14 47.15 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. ↑ "LiFePO
    4    : A Novel Cathode Material for Rechargeable Batteries", A.K. Padhi, K.S. Nanjundaswamy, J.B. Goodenough, Electrochemical Society Meeting Abstracts, 96-1, May, 1996, pp 73
  49. ↑ https://www.victronenergy.nl/upload/documents/Datasheet-12,8-Volt-lithium-iron-phosphate-batteries-EN.pdf
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  52. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  54. ↑ 54.00 54.01 54.02 54.03 54.04 54.05 54.06 54.07 54.08 54.09 54.10 54.11 54.12 54.13 54.14 54.15 54.16 54.17 54.18 54.19 54.20 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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