Comparison of instruction set architectures

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Factors

Bits

Computer architectures are often described as n-bit architectures. Today n is often 8, 16, 32, or 64, but other sizes have been used. This is actually a strong simplification. A computer architecture often has a few more or less "natural" datasizes in the instruction set, but the hardware implementation of these may be very different. Many architectures have instructions operating on half and/or twice the size of respective processors major internal datapaths. Examples of this are the 8080, Z80, MC68000 as well as many others. On this type of implementations, a twice as wide operation typically also takes around twice as many clock cycles (which is not the case on high performance implementations). On the 68000, for instance, this means 8 instead of 4 clock ticks, and this particular chip may be described as a 32-bit architecture with a 16-bit implementation. The external databus width is often not useful to determine the width of the architecture; the NS32008, NS32016 and NS32032 were basically the same 32-bit chip with different external data buses. The NS32764 had a 64-bit bus, but used 32-bit registers.

The width of addresses may or may not be different from the width of data. Early 32-bit microprocessors often had a 24-bit address, as did the System/360 processors.

Operands

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Main article: instruction set § Number of operands

The number of operands is one of the factors that may give an indication about the performance of the instruction set. A three-operand architecture will allow

A := B + C

to be computed in one instruction.

A two-operand architecture will allow

A := A + B

to be computed in one instruction, so two instructions will need to be executed to simulate a single three-operand instruction

A := B
A := A + C

Endianness

An architecture may use "big" or "little" endianness, or both, or be configurable to use either. Little endian processors order bytes in memory with the least significant byte of a multi-byte value in the lowest-numbered memory location. Big endian architectures instead order them with the most significant byte at the lowest-numbered address. The x86 architecture as well as several 8-bit architectures are little endian. Most RISC architectures (SPARC, Power, PowerPC, MIPS, ARM) were originally big endian, but many (including ARM) are now configurable.

Instruction sets

Usually the number of registers is a power of two, e.g. 8, 16, 32. In some cases a hardwired-to-zero pseudo-register is included, as "part" of register files of architectures, mostly to simplify indexing modes. This table only counts the integer "registers" usable by general instructions at any moment. Architectures always include special-purpose registers such as the program pointer (PC). Those are not counted unless mentioned. Note that some architectures, such as SPARC, have register windows; for those architectures, the count below indicates how many registers are available within a register window. Also, non-architected registers for register renaming are not counted.

Note, a common type of architecture, "load-store", is a synonym for "Register Register" below, meaning no instructions access memory except special – load to register(s) – and store from register(s) – with the possible exceptions of atomic memory operations for locking.

The table below compares basic information about instruction sets to be implemented in the CPU architectures:

Instruction set Bits Version Introduced Max # operands Type Design Registers (excluding FP/vector) Instruction encoding Branch evaluation Endianness Extensions Open Royalty free
6502 8 1975 1 Register Memory CISC 3 Variable (8- to 32-bit) Condition register Little
65k 64 (8→64)[1] 2006? 1 Memory Memory[citation needed] CISC 1 Variable (8-bit to 256 bytes) Compare and branch[citation needed] Little
68000 / 680x0 32 1979 2 Register Memory CISC 8 data and 8 address Variable Condition register Big Unknown Unknown
8080 8 1974 2 Register Memory CISC 8 Variable (8 to 24 bits) Condition register Little
8051 32 (8→32) 1977? 1 Register Register CISC
  • 32 in 4-bit
  • 16 in 8-bit
  • 8 in 16-bit
  • 4 in 32-bit
 Variable (8-bit to 128 bytes) Compare and branch Little
8086 / x86 16, 32, 64 (16→32→64) 1978 2 (integer) 3 (AVX)[2] Register Memory CISC
  • 8 (+ 4 or 6 segment registers) in 16/32-bit
  • 16 (+ 2 segment register gs/cs in 64-bit
 Variable (8086: 8- to 48-bit) Condition code Little x87, IA-32, MMX, 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, PAE, x86-64, SSE3, SSE4, SSE5, AVX, AES, FMA No No
Alpha 64 1992 3 Register Register RISC 32 (including "zero") Fixed (32-bit) Condition register Bi MVI, BWX, FIX, CIX No Unknown
ARM 32/16 ARMv7 and earlier 1983 3 Register Register RISC
  • 7 in 16-bit thumb mode
  • 14 in 32-bit
  • + direct link register (not general purpose)
 Fixed (32-bit), Thumb: Fixed (16-bit), Thumb-2: Variable (16- and 32-bit) Condition code Bi NEON, Jazelle, VFP, TrustZone, LPAE Unknown No
ARMv8-A 64/32 ARMv8-A[3] 2011[4] 3 Register Register RISC 31 Fixed (32-bit). In ARMv7 compatibility mode: Thumb: Fixed (16-bit), Thumb-2: Variable (16- and 32-bit), A64 Condition code Bi None (all extensions of ARMv7 are non-optional) Unknown No
AVR 8 1997 2 Register Register RISC 32 (16 on "reduced architecture") Variable (mostly 16-bit, four instructions are 32-bit) Condition register, skip conditioned on an I/O or general purpose register bit, compare and skip Little Unknown Unknown
AVR32 32 Rev 2 2006 2–3 RISC 15 Variable[5] Big Java Virtual Machine Unknown Unknown
Blackfin 32 2000 RISC[6] 8 Little[7] Unknown Unknown
CDC Cyber 60 1970s 3 Register Memory RISC 24 (8 18-bit address registers, 8 18-bit index registers, 8 60-bit operand registers) Variable (15, 30, and 60-bit) Compare and branch n/a[8] Compare/Move Unit, additional Peripheral Processing Units No No
Crusoe (native VLIW) 32[9] 2000 1 Register Register[9] VLIW[9][10]
  • 1 in native push stack mode
  • 6 in x86 emulation + 8 in x87/mmx mode + 50 in rename status
  • 12 integer + 48 shadow + 4 debug in native VLIW mode
[9][10]		 Variable (64- or 128-bit)[10] Condition code[9] Little
DLX 32 1990 3 RISC 32 Fixed (32-bit) Big Unknown Unknown
eSi-RISC 16/32 2009 3 Register Register RISC 8–72 Variable (16- or 32-bit) Compare and branch and condition register Bi User-defined instructions No No
Itanium (IA-64) 64 2001 Register Register EPIC 128 Condition register Bi (selectable) Intel Virtualization Technology No No
M32R 32 1997 RISC 16 Fixed (16- or 32-bit) Bi Unknown Unknown
Mico32 32 2006 3 Register Register RISC 32[11] Fixed (32-bit) Compare and branch Big User-defined instructions Yes[12] Yes
MIPS 64 (32→64) 5 1981 1–3 Register Register RISC 4–32 (including "zero") Fixed (32-bit) Condition register Bi MDMX, MIPS-3D Unknown No
MMIX 64 1999 3 Register Register RISC 256 Fixed (32-bit) Big Yes Yes
NS320xx 32 1982 5 Memory Memory CISC 8 Variable Huffman coded, up to 23 bytes long Condition code Little BitBlt instructions Unknown Unknown
OpenRISC 32, 64 2010 3 Register Register RISC 16 or 32 Fixed Yes Yes
PA-RISC (HP/PA) 64 (32→64) 2.0 1986 3 Register Register RISC 32 Fixed (32-bit) Compare and branch Big → Bi Multimedia Acceleration eXtensions (MAX), MAX-2 No Unknown
PDP-11 16 1970–1990 3 Memory Memory CISC 8 (includes stack pointer, though any register can act as stack pointer) Fixed (16) Condition code Little Floating Point, Commercial Instruction Set No No
PowerPC 32/64 (32→64) 2.07[13] 1991 3 Register Register RISC 32 Fixed (32-bit), Variable Condition code Big/Bi AltiVec, APU, VSX, Cell Yes No
RISC-V 32, 64, 128 2010 Register Register RISC 32 (including "zero") Variable Compare and branch Little Yes Yes
RX 64/32/16 2000 3 Memory Memory CISC 4 integer + 4 address Variable Compare and branch Little Unknown No
S+core 16/32 2005 RISC Little Unknown Unknown
SPARC 64 (32→64) OSA2015[14] 1985 3 Register Register RISC 32 (including "zero") Fixed (32-bit) Condition code Big → Bi VIS 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 Yes Yes[15]
SuperH (SH) 32 1990s 2 Register Register / Register Memory RISC 16 Fixed (16- or 32-bit), Variable Condition code (single bit) Bi Unknown Unknown
System/360 / System/370 / z/Architecture 64 (32→64) 1964 2 (most)
3 (FMA, distinct-operand facility)		 Register Memory / Memory Memory / Register Register CISC 16 Variable Condition code Big Unknown Unknown
Transputer 32 (4→64) 1987 1 Stack machine MISC 0 Variable (8 ~ 120 bytes) Compare and branch Little
VAX 32 1977 6 Memory Memory CISC 16 Variable Compare and branch Little VAX Vector Architecture Unknown Unknown
Z80 8 1976 2 Register Memory CISC 17 Variable (8 to 32 bits) Condition register Little
Architecture Bits Version Introduced Max # operands Type Design Registers (excluding FP/vector) Instruction encoding Branch evaluation Endianness Extensions Open Royalty free

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ The LEA (8086 & later) and IMUL-immediate (80186 & later) instructions accept three operands; most other instructions of the base integer ISA accept no more than two operands.
  3. ↑ ARMv8 Technology Preview
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Since memory is an array of 60-bit words with no means to access sub-units, big endian vs. little endian makes no sense. The optional CMU unit uses big endian semantics.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/server-storage/sun-sparc-enterprise/documentation/sparc-processor-2516655.html Oracle SPARC Processor Documentation
  15. ↑ http://sparc.org/technical-documents/#ArchLic SPARC Architecture License
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