Coptic pronunciation reform
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Coptic pronunciation reform since 1850 has resulted in two major shifts in the use of Bohairic, the dialect of Coptic which is used as the liturgical language of the present-day Coptic Orthodox Church. The two traditions of pronunciation in contemporary use arise from two successive reforms in the 19th and 20th centuries:
- The "reformed pronunciation" or "Greco-Bohairic pronunciation", originally mandated by pope Cyril IV (1854–1861), models the pronunciation of Coptic letters after their equivalents in modern Greek.
- The "Old Bohairic pronunciation" aims to reconstruct the pronunciation as it was before this reform.
Contents
Reformed pronunciation (Greco-Bohairic)
During the time of Pope Cyril IV (1854–1861), there were discussions between the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Church about whether to unite, so that one Patriarch would be the head of both Churches in Egypt. The unification did not come about, but one of the proposals made at the time was to make Coptic pronunciation conform more closely to Greek.
The chief architect of this project was Arian G. Moftah, who taught Coptic in the Patriarchal Church at that time. Since the Coptic alphabet shares many letters with the Greek alphabet, he assumed that any change of Coptic pronunciation towards Greek would be a positive reform, and would also assist with the expected union between the churches. At the time, popular feeling in Egypt had been stirred up by the French military expedition (1798–1801), whose scientists remained in Egypt for some years, and many people had come to feel that the European ideas and practices were superior to Egyptian (or Ottoman) customs. The Greco-Bohairic pronunciation introduced phonemes like dh, p, th and v, in addition to an increase in glottal stops.
The reformed pronunciation was spread by the authority of the Klirikia (Theological Seminary), though not without controversy, and by the 1950s it had become established throughout Egypt, except in a small number of parishes in upper Egypt that refuse to accept any priest from outside the local village. In the course of this campaign of reform, the old Bohairic pronunciation was often inaccurately referred to as Sahidic (the name of another Coptic dialect). However, some European Coptologists commented on the fact that the villagers of Upper Egypt retained a more authentic tradition, and wrote disparagingly about the Greek-influenced pronunciation. Most notably Dr G. Sobhy commented on Greco-Bohairic pronunciation in an article saying that "All modern books written on Coptic by native authors adopt more or less a mutilated form of Greek pronunciation and apply it entirely to their language. Unfortunately none of our native authors here knows sufficient Greek to realise the outstanding mistakes he is trying to form into rules applicable to the Coptic language."
Old Bohairic pronunciation
During the 1960s, with the encouragement of Pope Shenouda III, Dr Emile Maher studied the history of Coptic pronunciation and in 1968 announced that he had rediscovered the Old Bohairic pronunciation. After completing a doctorate on the subject at Oxford University (Thesis available online), he returned to Egypt hoping to restore the older way of pronouncing Coptic, in place of the reformed pronunciation (sometimes referred to as Greco-Bohairic). The Institute of Coptic Language which studied and promoted the Old Bohairic pronunciation came under strong opposition from some Church leaders, but the Pope continued to support Dr Maher, and ordained him priest (as Father Shenouda) in the 1990s. The Old Bohairic pronunciation is used in the Monastery of St. Shenouda in Rochester, New York, in which Father Shenouda Maher now serves.
The Old Bohairic pronunciation is evidence-based, using archived sound recordings and transcriptions of the oral tradition of Zeneya, Dabeyya, and other villages made by various scholars such as Georgy Sobhy, Petraeus, Galtier, Maria Cramer, Rochmonetix, in addition to the works of W.H. Worrell and Vicychl. Maher also consulted documents held in libraries and monasteries throughout Egypt, including Coptic manuscripts written in the Arabic script, such as the Damanhour euchologion, and tenth-century Arabic texts written in Coptic letters, and analysed scribal transcription errors in the manuscripts tradition.
References
- Crum, Walter Ewing. A Coptic dictionary. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1939.
- Ishak, Emile Maher. The Phonetics and Phonology of the Bohairic Dialect of Coptic and the Survival of Coptic Words in the Colloquial and Classical Arabic of Egypt and of Coptic Grammatical Constructions in Colloquial Arabic. Volumes I - IV. (D.Phil Thesis submitted to the University of Oxford, September 1975). AVAILABLE ONLINE
- Maher, Emil, PhD Copts and their language
- Maher, Emil, PhD Cagi
- Bulletin de la Societé d'Archeologie Copte (BSAC), Le Caïre.
- Satzinger, Helmut. The pronunciation of late Bohairic. In: Aziz S. Atiya (ed.), The Coptic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8, 60–65.
- Sobhy, Georgy PG (1915). The pronunciation of Coptic in the Church of Egypt. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 2(1):15–19.)
- Worrell, William Hoyt. Coptic sounds. University of Michigan Studies Humanistic Series; XXVI. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan press, 1934.
- Worrell, William Hoyt. Coptic Texts in the University of Michigan Collection (With a study in the popular traditions of Coptic). University of Michigan Studies Humanistic Series; 46. Ann Arbor : London, 1942.
