Count Karl Ferdinand von Buol
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Hochgeboren Karl Ferdinand Graf von Buol-Schauenstein |
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File:Karl Ferdinand von Buol-Schauenstein.jpg
Lithograph by Josef Kriehuber, 1854
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1st Chairman of the Austrian Ministers' Conference | |
In office 11 April 1852 – 4 May 1859 |
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Monarch | Francis Joseph I |
Preceded by | Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg (as Minister-President) |
Succeeded by | Johann Bernhard Graf von Rechberg |
6th Foreign Minister of the Austrian Empire | |
In office 11 April 1852 – 17 May 1859 |
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Preceded by | Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg |
Succeeded by | Johann Bernhard von Rechberg |
Personal details | |
Born | Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman Empire |
17 May 1797
Died | Script error: The function "death_date_and_age" does not exist. Vienna, Austrian Empire |
Spouse(s) | Caroline Franziska von Isenburg-Birstein |
Children | Josephine Caroline |
Karl Ferdinand von Buol (German: Karl Ferdinand Graf von Buol-Schauenstein; 17 May 1797 – 28 October 1865) was an Austrian diplomatist and statesman, who served as Foreign Minister of Austrian Empire from 1852 to 1859.
Biography
Buol was born in Vienna, a scion of a Grisons noble family descending from Fürstenau. His father Johann Rudolf von Buol (d. 1834) from 1816 until 1823 chaired the Austrian delegation to the Bundesversammlung of the German Confederation.
He joined the Austrian foreign service and served successively as envoy to Baden at Karlsruhe (1828–1838), to Württemberg at Stuttgart (1838–1844), to Sardinia-Piedmont at Turin (1844–1848), to Russia at Saint Petersburg (1848–1850), to the German ministerial conference at Dresden 1850/51, and to the United Kingdom at London (1851–1852). He became an increasingly close associate of the Austrian Minister-President, Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg, and when Schwarzenberg suddenly died in April 1852, Buol succeeded him as foreign minister, although not as Premier, as the young Emperor Franz Joseph himself now took a more direct role in directing cabinet affairs than he had previously.
As foreign minister, Buol soon had to deal with the Near Eastern crisis which had erupted by early 1854 into the Crimean War, as France and Britain had declared war on Russia in an effort to support the Ottoman Empire. In this crisis, Austria's position was a tenuous one.[according to whom?] Russia's intervention to suppress the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, and its subsequent intervention on behalf of Austria against Prussia leading to the Punctation of Olmütz in 1850, put the Austrians substantially in the debt[clarification needed] of the Tsar Nicholas I. Furthermore, the geographical positions involved meant that in any war with Russia, Austria, even if allied with France and Britain, would bear the brunt of the fighting. On the other hand, permanent Russian control of the Danubian Principalities (later part of Romania) would greatly endanger Austria's strategic position, and the Austrians were more generally opposed to any expansion of Russian influence in the Balkans. Thus, Buol attempted to pursue a middle course, trying to mediate between the belligerent parties.
Soon, however, this did not prove enough, and Buol, who was noted in Austria[by whom?] as an Anglophile, soon cast his lot more clearly with the western powers. An ultimatum was sent[by whom?] to Russia to demand that it evacuate the Principalities. The Russians agreed, and Austria occupied the Principalities for the remainder of the war. This perceived betrayal by the Austrians insured the Tsar's undying enmity, but proved not enough to satisfy the western powers. As the conflict dragged on into 1855, Buol sent another ultimatum to Russia, this time demanding that it accede to the French and British terms, or face a war with Austria. This time the Russians, now under Tsar Alexander II, acceded, and preliminary peace accords were signed at Vienna later that year.
Buol's policy in the Crimean War had managed to keep Austria out of the war, but had left it badly isolated. Russia, Austria's only reliable ally, had been completely alienated, while the French and British had not been impressed by Austria's failure to come into the war on their side, and continued to oppose Austrian influence in the Italian Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia. The French, eager to form an entente with the Russians in the wake of the war, also took it upon themselves to oppose Austrian projects in the Balkans. The Prussians, as always, demanded a high price in terms of Austrian acquiescence to Prussian domination of northern Germany, in exchange for any support for their German neighbors.
The consequences of this were to make themselves clear in 1859. Now Camillo di Cavour, the Prime Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont, anxious to goad the Austrians into a war in which he knew he would have French support, engaged in a series of provocations against the Austrian position in Italy. Although Buol and the Austrians initially seemed unperturbed, to the extent that Cavour and his ally, Emperor Napoleon III of France, feared they would not be able to have their war, Buol soon gave them what they wanted by a clumsy ultimatum demanding Piedmontese demobilization. The Sardinian War which followed would prove disastrous for the Austrian position in Italy, but Buol himself was already dismissed in May 1859, for the missteps which had brought about the war.
Buol spent the rest of his life in retirement and died in 1865 in Vienna, aged 68.
Honours
He received the folowing orders and decorations:[1]
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- Austrian Empire:
- Grand Cross of St. Stephen, 1856[2]
- Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Leopold
- Knight of the Iron Crown, 1st Class
- Baden:[3]
- Grand Cross of the House Order of Fidelity, 1830
- Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion, 1830
- Kingdom of Bavaria: Knight of St. Hubert, 1853[4]
- Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold
- Empire of Brazil: Grand Cross of the Rose
- Brunswick: Grand Cross of Henry the Lion
- Denmark: Knight of the Elephant, 11 June 1852[5]
- Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, July 1853[6]
- 23x15px French Empire: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
- Kingdom of Greece: Grand Cross of the Redeemer
- Electorate of Hesse: Grand Cross of the Wilhelmsorden
- Grand Duchy of Hesse: Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 23 May 1837[7]
- 23x15px Holy See: Grand Cross of the Order of Pope Pius IX, in Diamonds
- Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion
- Duchy of Modena and Reggio: Grand Cross of the Eagle of Este, 1857[8]
- Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion
- Ottoman Empire: Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class
- Duchy of Parma:[9]
- Grand Cross of St. Louis for Civil Merit, 1852
- Senator Grand Cross of the Constantinian Order of St. George, 1852
- Kingdom of Portugal: Grand Cross of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa
- Kingdom of Prussia:
- Knight of the Black Eagle
- Knight of the Red Eagle, 1st Class
- Russian Empire:
- Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky, in Diamonds
- Knight of the White Eagle
- Kingdom of Saxony: Knight of the Rue Crown, 1856[10]
- Two Sicilies: Knight of St. Januarius
- Württemberg: Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown
References
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1865), "Großherzogliche Orden" pp. 55, 79
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- ↑ Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtums Sachsen-Altenburg (1855), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 24
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External links
- Otto[permanent dead link] Script error: No such module "In lang".
See also
Diplomatic posts | ||
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Preceded by
Franz de Paula von Colloredo-Wallsee
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Ambassador of Austria to Russia 1848–1851 |
Succeeded by Eduard von Lebzelten-Collenbach |
Preceded by
Franz de Paula von Colloredo-Wallsee
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Ambassador of Austria to the United Kingdom 1851–1852 |
Succeeded by Franz de Paula von Colloredo-Wallsee |
Government offices | ||
Preceded by | Chairman of the Austrian Ministers' Conference Foreign Minister of the Austrian Empire 1852–1859 |
Succeeded by Count Rechberg |
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- 1797 births
- 1865 deaths
- 19th-century Ministers-President of Austria
- Politicians from Vienna
- Austrian Empire politicians
- Foreign ministers of Austria
- Austrian diplomats
- Ambassadors of Austria to Russia
- Ambassadors of Austria to the United Kingdom
- Austrian people of Swiss descent
- Swiss nobility
- Counts of Austria
- Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
- Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur
- Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Pope Pius IX
- Bailiffs Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
- Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa
- Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)