Cycles of Time

Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe

Bodley Head 1st edition front cover
Author	Roger Penrose
Cover artist	Getty Images
Country	United Kingdom
Language	English
Subject	Science, Mathematics, Cosmology, Physics
Genre	Non-fiction
Publisher	Bodley Head (UK) Knopf (US)
Publication date	23 September 2010 May 3, 2011 (US)
Media type	Print (hardback)
Pages	288 pp.
ISBN	978-0-224-08036-1
LC Class	QB991.C92 P46 2010
Preceded by	The Road to Reality

Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe is a science book by mathematical physicist Roger Penrose published by The Bodley Head in 2010. The book outlines Penrose's Conformal Cyclic Cosmology (CCC) model, which is an extension of general relativity but opposed to the widely supported multidimensional string theories and cosmological inflation following the Big Bang.

Contents

• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Prologue

Part 1. The Second Law and its underlying mystery

• 1.1 The relentless march of randomness
• 1.2 Entropy, as state counting
• 1.3 Phase space, and Boltzmann's definition of entropy
• 1.4 The robustness of the entropy concept
• 1.5 The inexorable increase of entropy into the future
• 1.6 Why is the past different?

Part 2. The oddly special nature of the Big Bang

• 2.1 Our expanding universe
• 2.2 The ubiquitous microwave background
• 2.3 Space-time, null cones, metrics, conformal geometry
• 2.4 Black holes and space-time singularities
• 2.5 Conformal diagrams and conformal boundaries
• 2.6 Understanding the way the Big Bang was special

Part 3. Conformal cyclic cosmology

• 3.1 Connecting with infinity
• 3.2 The structure of CCC
• 3.3 Earlier pre-Big-Bang proposals
• 3.4 Squaring the Second Law
• 3.5 CCC and quantum gravity
• 3.6 Observational implications
• "Epilogue"
• "Appendices"
• "Notes"
• "Index"

Synopsis

Penrose examines implications of the Second Law of Thermodynamics and its inevitable march toward a maximum entropy state of the universe. Penrose illustrates entropy in terms of information state phase space (with 1 dimension for every degree of freedom) where particles end up moving through ever larger grains of this phase space from smaller grains over time due to random motion. He disagrees with Stephen Hawking's back-track over whether information is destroyed when matter enters black holes. Such information loss would non-trivially lower total entropy in the universe as the black holes wither away due to Hawking radiation, resulting in a loss in phase space degrees of freedom.

Penrose goes on further to state that over enormous scales of time (beyond 10¹⁰⁰ years), distance ceases to be meaningful as all mass breaks down into extremely red-shifted photon energy, whereupon time has no influence, and the universe continues to expand without event $\rightarrow \infty$. This period from Big Bang to infinite expansion Penrose defines as an aeon. The smooth “hairless” infinite oblivion of the previous aeon becomes the low-entropy Big Bang state of the next aeon cycle. Conformal geometry preserves the angles but not the distances of the previous aeon, allowing the new aeon universe to appear quite small at its inception as its phase space starts anew.

Penrose cites concentric rings found in the WMAP cosmic microwave background survey as preliminary evidence for his model, as he predicted black hole collisions from the previous aeon would leave such structures due to ripples of gravitational waves.

Reception

Most nonexpert critics (nonscientists) have found the book a challenge to fully comprehend; a few such as Kirkus Reviews and Doug Johnstone for The Scotsman appreciate the against the grain innovative ideas Penrose puts forth. Manjit Kumar reviewing for The Guardian admires the Russian doll geometry play of the CCC concept, framing it as an idea of which M. C. Escher "would have approved". Graham Storrs for the New York Journal of Books concedes that this is not the book that an unambitious lay person should plunge into. The American fiction writer Anthony Doerr in The Boston Globe writes "Penrose has never shied away from including mathematics in his texts, and kudos to his publisher for honoring that wish. That said, the second half of Cycles of Time offers some seriously hard sledding"; "If you'll forgive a skiing metaphor, Cycles of Time is a black diamond of a book."