Reference Daily Intake
The Reference Daily Intake or Recommended Daily Intake (RDI) is the daily intake level of a nutrient that is considered to be sufficient to meet the requirements of 97–98% of healthy individuals in every demographic in the United States (where it was developed, but has since been used in other places).
The RDI is used to determine the Daily Value (DV) of foods, which is printed on nutrition facts labels (as %DV) in the United States and Canada, and is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Health Canada respectively.
The RDI is based on the older Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) from 1968;[1] newer RDAs have since been introduced in the Dietary Reference Intake system, but the RDI is still used for nutrition labeling.
Contents
Food labeling reference tables
DVs used by the FDA for the following macronutrients are Daily Reference Values (DRV).[2][3][4]
The following table lists the DVs based on a caloric intake of 2000 kcal (8400 kJ), for adults and children four or more years of age.
| Total Fat | 65 g |
| Saturated Fatty Acids | 20 g |
| Cholesterol | 300 mg |
| Sodium | 2400 mg |
| Potassium | 3500 mg |
| Total Carbohydrate | 300 g |
| Dietary Fiber | 25 g |
| Protein | 50 g |
For vitamins and minerals, the RDIs are given in the following table, along with the more recent RDAs of the Dietary Reference Intakes (maximized over sex and age groups):[1]
| Nutrient | RDI | highest RDA or DRI |
|---|---|---|
| Vitamin A | 900 μg | 900 μg |
| Ascorbic Acid Vitamin C | 60 mg | 90 mg |
| Calcium | 1000 mg | 1300 mg |
| Iron | 18 mg | 18 mg |
| Cholecalciferol Vitamin D | 400 IU (10 μg) | 600 IU |
| Tocopherol Vitamin E | 30 IU | 15 mg (33 IU of synthetic) |
| Vitamin K | 80 μg | 120 μg |
| Thiamin Vitamin B1 | 1.5 mg | 1.2 mg |
| Riboflavin Vitamin B2 | 1.7 mg | 1.3 mg |
| Niacin Vitamin B3 | 20 mg | 16 mg |
| Pyridoxine Vitamin B6 | 2 mg | 1.7 mg |
| Folate | 400 μg | 400 μg |
| Cobalamine Vitamin B12 | 6 μg | 2.4 μg |
| Biotin | 300 μg | 30 μg |
| Pantothenic acid Vitamin B5 | 10 mg | 5 mg |
| Phosphorus | 1000 mg | 1250 mg |
| Iodine | 150 μg | 150 μg |
| Magnesium | 400 mg | 420 mg |
| Zinc | 15 mg | 11 mg |
| Selenium | 70 μg | 55 μg |
| Copper | 2000 μg | 900 μg |
| Manganese | 2 mg | 2.3 mg |
| Chromium | 120 μg | 35 μg |
| Molybdenum | 75 μg | 45 μg |
| Chloride | 3400 mg | 2300 mg |
History
The RDA was developed during World War II by Lydia J. Roberts, Hazel Stiebeling and Helen S. Mitchell, all part of a committee established by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences to investigate issues of nutrition that might "affect national defense" (Nestle, 35). The committee was renamed the Food and Nutrition Board in 1941, after which they began to deliberate on a set of recommendations of a standard daily allowance for each type of nutrient. The standards would be used for nutrition recommendations for the armed forces, for civilians, and for overseas population who might need food relief. Roberts, Stiebeling, and Mitchell surveyed all available data, created a tentative set of allowances for "energy and eight nutrients", and submitted them to experts for review (Nestle, 35). The final set of guidelines, called RDAs for Recommended Dietary Allowances, were accepted in 1941. The allowances were meant to provide superior nutrition for civilians and military personnel, so they included a "margin of safety". Because of food rationing during the war, the food guides created by government agencies to direct citizens' nutritional intake also took food availability into account.
The Food and Nutrition Board subsequently revised the RDAs every five to ten years. In the early 1950s, USDA nutritionists made a new set of guidelines that also included the number of servings of each food group to make it easier for people to receive their RDAs of each nutrient.
In 1997, at the suggestion of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy, RDA became one part of a broader set of dietary guidelines called the Dietary Reference Intake used by both the United States and Canada.
Sodium
The daily maximum for sodium is higher in the U.S. than in other parts of the developed world,[citation needed] and is above estimated minimums.[5][6] For instance, the National Research Council (United States) has found that 500 mg of sodium per day (approximately the amount in a quarter-teaspoon of table salt) is a safe minimum level.[7] In the United Kingdom, the daily allowance for salt is 6g (approximately 2.5 teaspoons, about the upper limit in the U.S.), but this is still considered "too high".[8][9]
See also
- Canada's Food Guide
- Dietary mineral
- Dietary Reference Intake
- Dietary Reference Values (United Kingdom)
- Essential amino acid
- Essential fatty acid
- Essential nutrient
- Food guide pyramid
- Healthy diet
- Nutrient
- Vitamins
References
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Nestle, Marion. Food Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. ISBN 9780520224650.
External links
- Food and Nutrition Information Center
- USDA Reference Daily Intakes
- Differences in RDA set by medical authorities in the UK, the European Union and the USA (via Internet Archive).
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