Database Directive

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Directive 96/9/EC
European Union directive
Title Directive on the legal protection of databases
Made by European Parliament & Council
Made under Arts. 47(2), 55 & 95
Journal reference L77, 1996-03-27, pp. 20–28
History
Date made 11 March 1996
Came into force 27 March 1996
Implementation date 1 January 1998
Preparative texts
Commission proposal C156, 1992-06-23, p. 4
C308, 1993-11-15, p. 1
EESC opinion C19, 1993-01-25, p. 3
EP opinion C194, 1993-07-19, p. 144
Current legislation

The Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases is a European Union directive in the field of copyright law, made under the internal market provisions of the Treaty of Rome. It harmonizes the treatment of databases under copyright law and the sui generis right for the creators of databases which do not qualify for copyright.

Definition of database

Article 1(2) defines a database as "a collection of independent works, data or other materials arranged in a systematic or methodical way and individually accessible by electronic or other means". Non-electronic databases are also covered (para. 14 of the preamble). Any computer program used to create the database is not included (para. 23 of the preamble). Copyright protection of software is governed by Directive 91/250/EEC.[1]

Copyright

Under Article 3, databases which, "by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents, constitute the author's own intellectual creation" are protected by copyright as collections: no other criterion may be used by Member States. This may be a relaxation of the criterion for protection of collections in the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works,[2] which covers collections "of literary and artistic works" and requires creativity in the "selection and arrangement" of the contents: in practice the difference is likely to be slight. Any copyright in the database is separate from and without prejudice to the copyright in the entries.

The acts restricted by copyright are similar to those for other types of work (Art. 5):

  • temporary or permanent reproduction by any means and in any form, in whole or in part;
  • translation, adaptation, arrangement and any other alteration;
  • any form of distribution to the public of the database or of copies thereof, subject to the exhaustion of rights;
  • any communication, display or performance to the public;
  • any reproduction, distribution, communication, display or performance to the public of a translation, adaptation, etc.

This shall not prevent the lawful use of the database by a lawful user [Art. 6(1)]: Member States may provide for any or all of the following limitations [Art. 6(2)], as well as applying any traditional limitations to copyright:

  • reproduction for private purposes of a non-electronic database;
  • use for the sole purpose of illustration for teaching or scientific research, as long as the source is indicated and to the extent justified by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved;
  • use for the purposes of public security or for the purposes of an administrative or judicial procedure.

Copyright protection usually lasts for seventy years after the death of the last publicly identified author. Anonymous or pseudonymous works gain protection for the later of 70 years after the work is lawfully made available to the public or 70 years from creation. If national legislation makes particular provision for collective works or for a legal person (i.e. a body corporate) to be a rights holder the term of protection of calculated in the same way as for anonymous or pseudonymous works, with the exception that if any natural persons who created the work are given credit in versions made available to the public, the term of protection is calculated according to the lives of those authors. Art. 1, Directive 93/98/EEC[3]).

Sui generis right

Copyright protection is not available for databases which aim to be "complete", that is where the entries are selected by objective criteria: these are covered by sui generis database rights. While copyright protects the creativity of an author, database rights specifically protect the "qualitatively and/or quantitatively [a] substantial investment in either the obtaining, verification or presentation of the contents": if there has not been substantial investment (which need not be financial), the database will not be protected [Art. 7(1)]. Database rights are held in the first instance by the person or corporation which made the substantial investment, so long as:

  • the person is a national or domiciliary of a Member State or
  • the corporation is formed according to the laws of a Member State and has its registered office or principal place of business within the European Union.

Article 11(3) provides for the negotiation of treaties to ensure reciprocal treatment outside the EU: as of 2006, no such treaty exists.

The holder of database rights may prohibit the extraction and/or re-utilization of the whole or of a substantial part of the contents: the "substantial part" is evaluated qualitatively and/or quantitatively and reutilization is subject to the exhaustion of rights. Public lending is not an act of extraction or re-utilization. The lawful user of a database which is available to the public may freely extract and/or re-use insubstantial parts of the database (Art. 8): the holder of database rights may not place restrictions of the purpose to which the insubstantial parts are used. However, users may not "perform acts which conflict with normal exploitation of the database or unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the maker of the database", nor prejudice any copyright in the entries. The same limitations may be provided to database rights as to copyright in databases (Art. 9):

  • extraction for private purposes of the contents of a non-electronic database;
  • extraction for the purposes of illustration for teaching or scientific research, as long as the source is indicated and to the extent justified by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved;
  • extraction and/or re-utilization for the purposes of public security or an administrative or judicial procedure.

Database rights last for fifteen years from the end of the year that the database was made available to the public, or from the end of the year of completion for private databases (Art. 10). Any substantial change which could be considered to be a substantial new investment will lead to a new term of database rights, which could, in principle, be perpetual. Database rights are independent of any copyright in the database, and the two could, in principle, be held by different people (especially in jurisdictions which prohibit the corporate ownership of copyright): as such, database rights can be compared to the rights of phonogram and film producers.

Implementation



Implementation of the Directive by Member States
Austria Austria BGBI Nr. 25/1998, entry in force on January 1, 1998
Belgium Belgium Law of 31.08.1998
Bulgaria Bulgaria Закон за авторското право и сродните му права (Zakon za avtorskoto pravo i srodnite mu prava), as amended in State Gazette 77/2002, entry into force January 1, 2003
Cyprus Cyprus unknown
Czech Republic Czech Republic Law No. 121/2000 Coll. of 7 April 2000 on Copyright, Rights Related to Copyright and on the Amendment of Certain Laws
Denmark Denmark Probably implemented by Ophavsretsloven 2008-06-20 (especially §71)
Estonia Estonia unknown
Finland Finland unknown
France France Law No. 98-536 of July 1, 1998, entry in force on January 1, 1998
Germany Germany Law of 22.07.1997
Greece Greece Law 2121/1993, as amended by law 2819/2000 [4]
Hungary Hungary Act LXXVII of 2001 on the modification of Copyright Act, entry in force on January 1, 2002
Republic of Ireland Ireland Copyright and Related Rights Act, 2000, entry in force on January 1, 2001
Italy Italy Decree No. 169 of 1999
Decree No. 244 of 1994
Decree No. 205 of 1996
Latvia Latvia Autortiesību likums (2000-04-06)
Lithuania Lithuania Autorių teisių ir gretutinių teisių įstatimas N. VIII-1185 (1999-05-18)
Luxembourg Luxembourg unknown
Malta Malta Copyright Act, 2000
Netherlands Netherlands Databankenwet, 8 July 1999
Poland Poland Ustawa z dnia 27 lipca 2001 o ochronie baz danych
Portugal Portugal Decreto-Lei n. 122/2000
Romania Romania unknown
Slovakia Slovakia Copyright Act of 1997-12-05 (No. 383/1997)
Slovenia Slovenia Zakon o avtorskih in sorodnih pravicah (1995-03-30)
Spain Spain Ley 5/1998, de 6 de marzo, de incorporación al Derecho español de la Directiva 96/9/CE, del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 11 de marzo, sobre la protección jurídica de bases de datos
Sweden Sweden Lag (1960:729) om upphovsrätt till litterära och konstnärliga verk (database right created, 1961-07-01)
Lag (1997:790) om ändring i lagen (1960:729) om upphovsrätt till litterära och konstnärliga verk (extension of the term from 10 to 15 years and minor modifications, 1998-01-01)
United Kingdom United Kingdom Copyright and Rights in Databases Regulations 1997/3032, in force January 1, 1998

See also

References

  1. ^ Council Directive 91/250/EEC of 14 May 1991 on the legal protection of computer programs,[dead link] OJ L 122, 17.5.1991, p. 9.
  2. ^ Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works
  3. ^ Council Directive 93/98/EEC of 29 October 1993 harmonizing the term of protection of copyright and certain related rights, OJ L 290, 24.11.1993, p. 9.

External links