De facto embassy

A de facto embassy is an office or organisation that serves de facto as an embassy in lack of regular/official diplomatic relations among countries (thus paradiplomacy). Diplomatic immunity and extraterritoriality are usually not granted.^{[citation needed]}

Disputed territories

In many cases, these organisations represent nations which lack full diplomatic recognition or regions with disputed borders. For instance, many countries maintain formal diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China but operate unofficial 'trade missions' or 'representative offices' in Taipei to deal with Taiwan-related commercial and consular issues. Often, these delegations may forward visa applications to their nearest embassy or consulate rather than processing them locally.^{[citation needed]}

France maintains a "French Institute" in Taipei, whose first apparent purpose is "cultural," but which also has consular and economic sections,^[1] as does Germany's German Institute Taipei, the United States' American Institute in Taiwan, and the United Kingdom's British Office Taipei.^[2] Similarly, Taiwan (ROC) maintains Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Offices or Taipei Representative Offices in other countries, which handle visa applications as well as relations with local authorities.^[3]

Prior to the reunification of Germany, West and East Germany were represented by "permanent missions",^[4] headed by "permanent representatives", who served as de facto ambassadors.^[5] These were established under the terms of the Basic Treaty in 1972.

Following its Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965, Rhodesia maintained overseas missions in Lisbon and Lourenço Marques (now Maputo) until 1975 and an Accredited Diplomatic Representative in Pretoria.^[6]

The Tibet Religious Foundation of His Holiness the Dalai Lama has been called "the de facto embassy of the exiled government in Taiwan" by Taipei Times chief staff reporter Loa lok sin.^[7]

Dependent territories

Some foreign diplomatic missions in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region function independently of their embassies in Beijing, reporting directly to their foreign ministries.^[8]^[9] For example, the United States Consulate General reports to the Department of State with the Consul General as the "Chief of Mission".^[10]

Similarly, when Hong Kong was under British administration, diplomatic missions of Commonwealth countries, such as Canada,^[11] Australia^[12] New Zealand^[13] India^[14] Malaysia^[15] and Singapore^[16] were known as Commissions, and functioned independently of each country's High Commission in London. After the transfer of sovereignty to China in 1997, they were renamed Consulates-General.^[17] with the last commissioner becoming consul-general.^[18]

When Hong Kong and Macau were under British and Portuguese administration, the People's Republic of China was informally represented by a branch of the Xinhua News Agency Nanguang trading company respectively.^[19] Since the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong and Macau, the Central People's Government has been formally represented by the Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Macau Special Administrative Region

Trade missions

Under apartheid, South Africa maintained trade missions in neighbouring countries, such as Zimbabwe^[20] and Mozambique.^[21] Similarly, neighbouring countries, such as Mauritius, maintained trade missions in Johannesburg, the country's commercial capital.^[22] Following majority rule in 1994, full diplomatic relations were established, and these became High Commissions, after South Africa rejoined the Commonwealth.

Interests sections

In some cases, states which have no direct bilateral ties will be represented by an "interests section" housed as part of the embassy of a third country recognised by both states. For example, the United States is nominally represented in Iran by an interests section of the Swiss embassy in Tehran,^[23] with the corresponding Iranian section to the US housed as part of recognised Pakistani embassy in Washington, D.C.^[24]

Prior to the restoration of diplomatic relations on July 20, 2015, the US was represented by an interests section at the Swiss embassy in Havana, with the corresponding Cuban section to the US housed as part of the Swiss embassy in Washington.^[25] Unlike in Iran, where the former United States embassy building in Tehran has remained in disuse since its seizure during the hostage crisis in 1979, the former embassy building in Havana housed the "interests section" in Cuba between 1977 and 2015.

Other previous examples of interests sections include those of Britain and Argentina between 1982 and 1992, during which time there was a British interests section of the Swiss embassy in Buenos Aires, and an Argentine interests section of the Brazilian embassy in London^[26] Similarly, Iraq maintained an interest section in the Jordanian embassy in London between 1990 and 2003. Prior to the restoration of diplomatic relations between Indonesia and Portugal, severed following the Indonesian invasion of East Timor in 1975, Portugal established an interests section in the Dutch embassy in Jakarta, while Indonesia established an interests section in the Thai embassy in Lisbon.^[27]

List

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Country	Mission	Status	Notes
Canada ⇒ Taiwan	Canadian Trade Office* (CTOT), Taipei, Republic of China, established 1986	Foreign relations of the Republic of China
France ⇒ Taiwan	French Institute in Taipei	Foreign relations of the Republic of China
Germany ⇒ Taiwan	German Institute Taipei	Foreign relations of the Republic of China
Hong Kong ⇒ various nations and intergovernmental organizations	Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office	Foreign relations of Hong Kong	The offices in Europe and Asia have responsibilities for several countries or intergovernmental organizations. Those in the Mainland China and United States similarly have responsibilities across several provinces or states.
India ⇒ Taiwan	India-Taipei Association^[28]	India–Republic of China relations
Iran ⇒ USA	Interests Section of the Islamic Republic of Iran* at the Embassy of Pakistan in Washington.	Iran – United States relations
Japan ⇒ Taiwan	Interchange Association (財団法人交流協会) serves as the representative office.	Republic of China – Japan relations
North Korea ⇒ Japan	Chongryon, North Korea's de facto embassy in Japan	Japan–North Korea relations
Northern Cyprus ⇒ USA	TRNC Representative Office to the US*	Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus
Northern Cyprus ⇒ UN	TRNC Representative Office in New York*	Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus
Northern Cyprus ⇒ various nations	Multiple missions of Northern Cyprus*	Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus
Palestine ⇒ various nations	Palestine general delegation, special delegation or mission*	Foreign relations of Palestine
PRC ⇒ Taiwan	Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits	Cross-Strait relations
SADR ⇒ various nations	Missions of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic	Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Taiwan ⇒ PRC	Straits Exchange Foundation	Cross-Strait relations
Taiwan ⇒ various nations with diplomatic ties to PRC	Taipei Representative Office*	Foreign relations of the Republic of China
United Kingdom ⇒ Taiwan	British Office*	Foreign relations of the Republic of China
USA ⇒ Iran	U.S. Interests Section of the Embassy of Switzerland* in Iran	Iran – United States relations	Since the Iran hostage crisis of 1979, the United States government has been represented in Iran by the United States Interests Section of the Embassy of Switzerland in Tehran.
USA ⇒ Syria	U.S. Interests Section of the Embassy of the Czech Republic* in Syria	Syria–United States relations	Effective February 6, 2012, the U.S. Embassy in Syria suspended operations and closed for normal consular services.
USA ⇒ Taiwan	American Institute in Taiwan (AIT), established 1979, a non-profit private corporation	Republic of China – United States relations	The AIT was established shortly after the United States government changed its diplomatic recognition from Taipei to Beijing on January 1, 1979.