Dinosaur National Monument

Dinosaur National Monument
IUCN category III (natural monument or feature)
Location	Moffat County, Colorado / Uintah County, Utah, US
Nearest city	Vernal, Utah
Coordinates
Area	210,844 acres (85,326 ha)
Established	October 4, 1915
Visitors	360,584 (in 2005)
Governing body	U.S. National Park Service

Fremont culture llizard petroglyphs, Dinosaur National Monument

Dinosaur National Monument is a U.S. National Monument located on the southeast flank of the Uinta Mountains on the border between Colorado and Utah at the confluence of the Green and Yampa Rivers. Although most of the monument area is in Moffat County, Colorado, the Dinosaur Quarry is located in Utah just to the north of the town of Jensen, Utah.

The nearest communities are Vernal, Utah and Dinosaur, Colorado. This park contains over 800 paleontological sites and has fossils of dinosaurs including Allosaurus, Deinonychus, Abydosaurus (a nearly complete skull, lower jaws and first four neck vertebrae of the specimen DINO 16488 found here at the base of the Mussentuchit Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation is the holotype for the description) and various long-neck, long-tail sauropods. It was declared a National Monument on October 4, 1915.

Geology

The rock layer enclosing the fossils is a sandstone and conglomerate bed of alluvial or river bed origin known as the Morrison Formation from the Jurassic Period some 150 million years old. The dinosaurs and other ancient animals were carried by the river system which eventually entombed their remains.

The pile of sediments were later buried and lithified into solid rock. The layers of rock were later uplifted and tilted to their present angle by the mountain building forces that formed the Uintas during the Laramide orogeny . The relentless forces of erosion exposed the layers at the surface to be found by paleontologists.

History

Early scientific explorations

The dinosaur fossil beds (bone beds) were discovered in 1909 by Earl Douglass, a paleontologist working and collecting for the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. He and his crews excavated thousands of fossils and shipped them back to the museum in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for study and display. President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed the dinosaur beds as Dinosaur National Monument in 1915. The monument boundaries were expanded in 1938 from the original 80-acre (320,000 m²) tract surrounding the dinosaur quarry in Utah, to its present extent of over 200,000 acres (800 km²) in Utah and Colorado, encompassing the spectacular river canyons of the Green and Yampa.

Though lesser-known than the fossil beds, the petroglyphs in Dinosaur National Monument are another treasure the monument holds. Due to problems with vandals, many of the sites are not listed on area maps.

Echo Park Dam Controversy

Main article: Echo Park Dam

U.S. Bureau of Reclamation plans for a ten-dam, billion dollar Colorado River Storage Project began to arouse opposition in the early 1950s when it was announced that one of the proposed dams would be at Echo Park, in the middle of Dinosaur National Monument. The controversy assumed major proportions, dominating conservation politics for years. David Brower, executive director of the Sierra Club, and Howard Zahniser of The Wilderness Society led an unprecedented nationwide campaign to preserve the free-flowing rivers and scenic canyons of the Green and Yampa Rivers. They argued that, if a national monument was not safe from development, how could any wildland be kept intact?

On the other side of the argument were powerful members of Congress from western states, who were committed to the project in order to secure water rights, obtain cheap hydroelectric power and develop reservoirs as tourist destinations. After much debate, Congress settled on a compromise that eliminated Echo Park Dam and authorized the rest of the project. The Colorado River Storage Project Act became law on April 11, 1956. It stated, “that no dam or reservoir constructed under the authorization of the Act shall be within any National Park or Monument.”

Historians view the Echo Park Dam controversy as signaling the start of an era that includes major conservationist political successes such as the Wilderness Act and the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act.

Green River Canyon in Dinosaur National Monument

Historic places

Main article: National Register of Historic Places listings in Dinosaur National Monument

Places on the list of National Register of Historic Places include:

Prehistoric sites

• Castle Park Archeological District, a prehistoric residential site with inhabition during 1500 - 1000 BC and again from AD 1000 - 1899 by the Prehistoric Fremont culture, Ute and Shoshone people.
• Mantle's Cave is a prehistoric Fremont culture residential site from 499 BC - AD 1749.

Other sites

• Denis Julien Inscription
• Rial Chew Ranch Complex
• Upper Wade and Curtis Cabin

Climate

The Dinosaur National Monument sits on a vast area of desert land in Northwestern Colorado and Northeastern Utah. Typical of "high deserts", summer temperatures can be exceedingly hot, while winter temperatures can be very cold. Snowfall is common, but the snow melts rapidly in the arid and sunny climates of these states. Rainfall is very low, and the evaporation rate classifies the area as desert, even though the rainfall just barely exceeds 10 inches.

Climate data for Dinosaur National Monument
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °F (°C)	33.0 (0.6)	39.0 (3.9)	50.4 (10.2)	60.8 (16)	71.9 (22.2)	83.2 (28.4)	90.5 (32.5)	87.9 (31.1)	77.7 (25.4)	63.6 (17.6)	45.7 (7.6)	34.2 (1.2)	61.5 (16.4)
Average low °F (°C)	10.8 (−11.8)	15.2 (−9.3)	25.0 (−3.9)	31.8 (−0.1)	40.5 (4.7)	48.9 (9.4)	56.6 (13.7)	54.7 (12.6)	45.5 (7.5)	34.9 (1.6)	23.3 (−4.8)	12.7 (−10.7)	33.3 (0.7)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	0.64 (16.3)	0.56 (14.2)	0.88 (22.4)	1.17 (29.7)	1.30 (33)	1.06 (26.9)	1.01 (25.7)	0.89 (22.6)	1.24 (31.5)	1.46 (37.1)	0.80 (20.3)	0.62 (15.7)	11.64 (295.7)
Average snowfall inches (cm)	9.2 (23.4)	6.6 (16.8)	5.9 (15)	3.5 (8.9)	0.7 (1.8)	0.2 (0.5)	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)	0.2 (0.5)	1.6 (4.1)	4.7 (11.9)	8.3 (21.1)	41.1 (104.4)
Source: http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/summary/climsmco.html

Features

Workers inside the Dinosaur Quarry building

Juvenile Camarasaurus lentus skeleton in matrix, on display at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History

Paleontologist carefully chips rock matrix from a column of dinosaur vertebrae. These bones were left in place in the Dinosaur Quarry display.

The Quarry

The "Wall of Bones" located within the Dinosaur Quarry building in the park consists of a steeply tilted (67° from horizontal) rock layer which contains hundreds of dinosaur fossils. The enclosing rock has been chipped away to reveal the fossil bones intact for public viewing. In July 2006, the Quarry Visitor Center was closed due to structural problems that since 1957 had plagued the building because it was built on unstable clay. The decision was made to build a new facility elsewhere in the monument to house the visitor center and administrative functions, making it easier to resolve the structural problems of the quarry building while still retaining a portion of the historic Mission 66 era exhibit hall. It was announced in April 2009 that Dinosaur National Monument would receive $13.1 million to refurbish and reopen the gallery as part of the Obama administration's $750 billion stimulus plan. The Park Service successfully rebuilt the Quarry Exhibit Hall, supporting its weight on 70-foot steel micropile columns that extend to the bedrock below the unstable clay. The Dinosaur Quarry was reopened in Fall 2011.

Vertebrate Fossils from Carnegie Quarry

Now enclosed by the Dinosaur Quarry building (Gilmore (1936), Foster (2003))

Reptilia

Testudines

Amphichelydia

Glyptops plicatus

Dinochelys whitei

Rhynchocephalia

Opisthias rarus

Crocodilia

Mesosuchia

Gonipholididae

Goniopholis sp.

Atoposauridae

Hoplosuchus kayi (h)

Dinosauria

Saurischia

Theropoda

Ceratosaurus sp.

Torvosaurus sp.

Allosaurus fragilis

Sauropoda

Apatosaurus louisae (h)

Barosaurus lentus

Camarasaurus lentus

Diplodocus "longus"

?Haplocanthosaurus sp.

Uintasaurus douglassi (h) (now Camarasaurus lentus)

Ornithischia

Stegosauria

Stegosaurus sp.

Ornithopoda

Iguanodontia

Uteodon aphanoecetes (h)

Dryosauridae

Dryosaurus altus

(h) = holotype

See also

• Pycnodontoidea

References

• Cosco, Jon M. 1995. Echo Park: Struggle for Preservation. Johnson Books. ISBN 1-55566-140-8
• Foster, John R. 2003. Paleoecological analysis of the vertebrate fauna of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), Rocky Mountain region, USA. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science 23:1-95
• Gilmore, Charles W. 1936. Osteology of Apatosaurus, with special references to specimens in the Carnegie Museum. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 11(4): 177-294.
• Harvey, Mark W.T. 2000. A Symbol of Wilderness: Echo Park and the American Conservation Movement. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97932-1

External links

• Dinosaur National Monument (National Park Service)
• National Park Service Douglass Quarry
• Dinosaur National Monument
• Canyon Country Hiking and Camping Notebook: Dinosaur National Monument
• Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. surveyUT-138, "Quarry Visitor Center, U.S. Highway 40, 8 miles north of Jensen, Jensen, Uintah County, UT", 42 photos, 86 data pages, 3 photo caption pages