Dosulepin
Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
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(E,Z)-3-(dibenzo[b,e]thiepin-11(6H)-ylidene)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine
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Clinical data | |
Trade names | Dothep, Prothiaden |
AHFS/Drugs.com | International Drug Names |
Pregnancy category |
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Legal status |
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Routes of administration |
Oral |
Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | 30%[1] |
Protein binding | 84%[2] |
Metabolism | Hepatic (via N-demethylation to active metabolite northiaden, S-oxidation and glucuronidation)[2] |
Biological half-life | 51 hours,[2] 14-45 hours,[3][4][5] 54 hours (elderly)[5][6] |
Excretion | Urine (56%), faeces (15%)[2] |
Identifiers | |
CAS Number | 113-53-1 |
ATC code | N06AA16 (WHO) |
PubChem | CID: 13473 |
ChemSpider | 4447605 |
UNII | W13O82Z7HL |
KEGG | D07872 |
ChEMBL | CHEMBL108947 |
Chemical data | |
Formula | C19H21NS |
Molecular mass | 295.45 g/mol |
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Dosulepin (INN, BAN) formerly known as dothiepin (USAN), and marketed under the brand names Prothiaden, Dothep, Thaden, and Dopress, is a tricyclic antidepressant that is used in several European and South Asian countries, as well as Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand. It is not used in the United States.[7]
Contents
Medical uses
Dosulepin is used for the treatment of major depressive disorder and neuropathic pain.[1] Dosulepin is only TGA- and MHRA-approved for the treatment of major depressive disorder.[8][9] There is clear evidence of the efficacy of dosulepin in psychogenic facial pain, though the drug may be needed for up to a year.[10]
Adverse effects
Common adverse effects:[2]
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- Drowsiness
- Extrapyramidal symptoms
- Tremor
- Confusion
- Disorientation
- Dizziness
- Paresthesias
- Alterations to ECG patterns
- Dry mouth
- Sweating
- Urinary retention
- Hypotension
- Postural hypotension
- Tachycardia
- Palpitations
- Arrhythmias
- Conduction defects
- Increased or decreased libido
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Constipation
- Blurred vision
Less common adverse effects:[2]
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- Disturbed concentration
- Delusions
- Hallucinations
- Anxiety
- Fatigue
- Headaches
- Restlessness
- Excitement
- Insomnia
- Hypomania
- Nightmares
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Ataxia
- Incoordination
- Seizures
- Paralytic ileus
- Hypertension
- Heart block
- Myocardial infarction
- Stroke
- Gynecomastia (swelling of breast tissue in males)
- Testicular swelling
- Impotence
- Epigastric distress
- Abdominal cramps
- Parotid swellings
- Diarrhea
- Stomatitis (swelling of the mouth)
- Black tongue
- Peculiar taste sensations
- Cholestatic jaundice
- Altered liver function
- Hepatitis (swelling of the liver)
- Skin rash
- Urticaria (hives)
- Photosensitisation
- Skin blisters
- Angioneurotic edema
- Weight loss
- Urinary frequency
- Mydriasis
- Weight gain
- Hyponatremia (low blood sodium)
- Movement disorders
- Dyspepsia (indigestion)
- Increased intraocular pressure
- Changes in blood sugar levels
- Thrombocytopenia (an abnormally low number of platelets in the blood. This makes one more susceptible to bleeds)
- Eosinophilia (an abnormally high amount of eosinophils in the blood)
- Agranulocytosis (a dangerously low number of white blood cells in the blood leaving one open to potentially life-threatening infections)
- Galactorrhea (lactation that is unassociated with breastfeeding and lactation)
Contraindications
Contraindications include:[2]
- Epilepsy as it can lower the seizure threshold
- TCAs should not be used concomitantly or within 14 days of treatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitors due to the risk for serotonin syndrome
- Acute recovery phase following myocardial infarction as TCAs may produce conduction defects and arrhythmias
- Liver failure
- Hypersensitivity to dothiepin
Drug interactions
Dosulepin can potentiate the effects of alcohol and at least one death has been attributed to this combination.[2] TCAs potentiate the sedative effects of barbiturates, tranquillisers and CNS depressants.[2] Guanethidine and other adrenergic neurone blocking drugs can have their antihypertensive effects blocked by dosulepin.[2] Sympathomimetics may potentiate the sympathomimetic effects of dosulepin.[2] Due to the anticholinergic and antihistamine effects of dosulepin anticholinergic and antihistamine medications may have their effects potentiated by dosulepin and hence these combinations are advised against.[2] Dosulepin may have its postural hypotensive effects potentiated by diuretics.[2] Anticonvulsants may have their efficacy reduced by dosulepin due to its ability to reduce the seizure threshold.[2]
Overdose
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The symptoms and the treatment of an overdose are largely the same as for the other tricyclic antidepressants.[8] Dosulepin may be particularly toxic in overdose compared to other TCAs.[8] The onset of toxic effects is around 4–6 hours after dosulepin is ingested.[2] In order to minimise the risk of overdose it is advised that patients only receive a limited number of tablets at a time so as to limit their risk of overdosing.[2] It is also advised that patients are not prescribed any medications that are known to increase the risk of toxicity in those receiving dosulepin due to the potential for mixed overdoses.[2] The medication should also be kept out of reach of children.[2]
Mechanism of action
Dosulepin is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) with anticholinergic, antihistamine, and antiadrenergic effects.[11]
Receptor/Transporter | Ki (nM)[12] |
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SERT | 8.6 |
NET | 46 |
DAT | 5,310 |
5-HT1A | 4,004 |
5-HT2A | 152 |
M1 | 18 |
M2 | 109 |
M3 | 38 |
M4 | 61 |
M5 | 92 |
α1 | 419 |
α2 | 12 |
H1 | 4 |
Pharmacokinetics
Dothiepin is readily absorbed from the small intestine and is extensively metabolised on first-pass through the liver into its chief active metabolite, northiaden (desmethyldosulepin).[2] Peak plasma concentrations of between 30.4 ng/mL to 278.8 ng/mL occur within 2–3 hours of oral administration.[2] It is distributed in breast milk and crosses the placenta and blood-brain barrier.[2] It is highly bound to plasma proteins (84%), and has a whole-body elimination half-life of 51 hours.[2]
See also
References
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