European Union Customs Union

European Union Customs Union
EU member states   Non-EU states which participate
Policy of		European Union
Type		Customs union
Member states		32 states Austria Andorra Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Monaco Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom
Establishment		1958
Area
•	Total	5,200,000 km2 2,007,731 sq mi
Population
•	2014 estimate	585,000,000
GDP (PPP)		2014 estimate
•	Total	$19.6 trillion
GDP (nominal)		2014 estimate
•	Total	$19.2 trillion

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The European Union Customs Union (EUCU) is a customs union which consists of all the member states of the European Union (EU) and some of its neighbouring countries: Andorra, Monaco, San Marino and Turkey.

The customs union is a principal task of the European Economic Community, established in 1958, and now succeeded by the European Union. No customs are levied on goods travelling within the customs union and—unlike a free trade area—members of the customs union impose a common external tariff on all goods entering the union. One of the consequences of the customs union is that the European Union negotiates as a single entity in international trade deals such as the World Trade Organisation, instead of individual member states negotiating for themselves.

Non-EU participants

Monaco and the British territories of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, Guernsey, Isle of Man and Jersey are integral parts of the EU's customs territory, while Andorra, San Marino and Turkey, a candidate for EU membership, are each in a customs union with the EU.

State	Agreement	Entry into force	Notes
Andorra	Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Economic Community and the Principality of Andorra - Joint Declarations	1 January 1991	Excludes agricultural products
Monaco	Franco-Monegasque Treaty	1958
San Marino	Agreement on Cooperation and Customs Union between the European Economic Community and the Republic of San Marino	1991
Turkey	Decision No 1/95 of the EC-Turkey Association Council of 22 December 1995 on implementing the final phase of the European Union–Turkey Customs Union	31 December 1995	Excludes agricultural products
United Kingdom in respect of Akrotiri and Dhekelia	Act concerning the conditions of accession of the Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovak Republic and the adjustments to the Treaties on which the European Union is founded Protocol No 3 on the sovereign base areas of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Cyprus	1 May 2004
United Kingdom in respect of Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey	Documents concerning the accession to the European Communities of the Kingdom of Denmark, Ireland, the Kingdom of Norway and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Protocol No 3 on the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man	1 January 1973

EU territories with an opt-out

While all EU member states are part of the customs union, not all of their respective territories participate. Territories of member states which have remained outside of the EU (overseas countries and territories of the European Union) generally do not participate in the customs union.

However, there are seven territories that are within the EU which do not participate in the customs union:

• Büsingen am Hochrhein (enclave within Switzerland, part of the Switzerland–Liechtenstein customs area)
• Campione d'Italia and the adjacent Italian waters of Lake Lugano (enclave within Switzerland, part of the Switzerland–Liechtenstein customs area)
• Livigno
• Ceuta
• Melilla
• Gibraltar
• Heligoland

See also

• European integration
• Trade bloc
• European Customs Information Portal

Further reading

• The Union Customs Code: a recast of the Modernised Customs Code