Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
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| Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography | |
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| File:Pigment stone extraction.png
Duodenoscopic image of two pigment stones extracted from common bile duct after sphincterotomy.
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| Specialty | {{#statements:P1995}} |
| ICD-9-CM | 51.10 |
| MeSH | D002760 |
| OPS-301 code | 1-642 |
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a technique that combines the use of endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat certain problems of the biliary or pancreatic ductal systems. Through the endoscope, the physician can see the inside of the stomach and duodenum, and inject radiographic contrast into the ducts in the biliary tree and pancreas so they can be seen on radiographs.
ERCP is used primarily to diagnose and treat conditions of the bile ducts and main pancreatic duct,[1] including gallstones, inflammatory strictures (scars), leaks (from trauma and surgery), and cancer. ERCP can be performed for diagnostic and therapeutic reasons, although the development of safer and relatively non-invasive investigations such as magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and endoscopic ultrasound has meant that ERCP is now rarely performed without therapeutic intent.
Contents
Diagnostic
- Obstructive jaundice - This may be due to several causes
- Chronic pancreatitis - a now controversial indication due to widespread availability of safer diagnostic modalities including endoscopic ultrasound, high-resolution CT, and MRI/MRCP
- Gallstones with dilated bile ducts on ultrasonography
- Bile duct tumors
- Suspected injury to bile ducts either as a result of trauma or iatrogenic
- Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
- Pancreatic tumors no longer represent a valid diagnostic indication for ERCP unless they cause bile duct obstruction and jaundice. Endoscopic ultrasound represents a safer and more accurate diagnostic alternative
Therapeutic
- Any of the above when the following may become necessary
- Endoscopic sphincterotomy (both of the biliary and the pancreatic sphincters)
- Removal of stones
- Insertion of stent(s)
- Dilation of strictures (e.g. primary sclerosing cholangitis, anastomotic strictures after liver transplantation)
Contraindications
- Acute pancreatitis (unless persistently raised or worsening bilirubin suggests ongoing obstruction)
- Previous pancreatoduodenectomy
- Coagulation disorder if sphincterotomy planned
- Recent myocardial infarction
- Inadequate surgical back-up
- History of contrast dye anaphylaxis
- Poor health condition for surgery
- Severe cardiopulmonary disease
Procedure
The patient is sedated or anaesthetized. Then a flexible camera (endoscope) is inserted through the mouth, down the esophagus, into the stomach, through the pylorus into the duodenum where the ampulla of Vater (the opening of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct) exists. The sphincter of Oddi is a muscular valve that controls the opening of the ampulla. The region can be directly visualized with the endoscopic camera while various procedures are performed. A plastic catheter or cannula is inserted through the ampulla, and radiocontrast is injected into the bile ducts and/or pancreatic duct. Fluoroscopy is used to look for blockages, or other lesions such as stones.[citation needed]
When needed, the opening of the ampulla can be enlarged by a cut (sphincterotomy) with an electrified wire called sphincterotome and access into the bile duct obtained so that gallstones may be removed or other therapy performed.[citation needed]
Other procedures associated with ERCP include the trawling of the common bile duct with a basket or balloon to remove gallstones and the insertion of a plastic stent to assist the drainage of bile. Also, the pancreatic duct can be cannulated and stents be inserted. The pancreatic duct requires visualisation in cases of pancreatitis.[citation needed]
In specific cases, a second camera can be inserted through the channel of the first endoscope. This is termed duodenoscope-assisted cholangiopancreatoscopy (DACP) or mother-daughter ERCP. The daughter scope can be used to administer direct electrohydraulic lithotripsy to break up stones, or to help in diagnosis by directly visualizing the duct (as opposed to obtaining X-ray images).[2]
The gallbladder should be surgically removed (cholecystectomy) following successful removal of gallstones from the bile ducts.[3]
Risks
The major risk of an ERCP is the development of pancreatitis, which can occur in up to 5% of all procedures. This may be self limited and mild, but may require hospitalization, and rarely, may be life-threatening. Patients at additional risk for pancreatitis are younger patients, patients with previous post-ERCP pancreatitis, females, procedures that involve cannulation or injection of the pancreatic duct, and patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.[4]
Intestinal perforation is a risk of any gastroenterologic endoscopic procedure, and is an additional risk if a sphincterotomy is performed. As the second part of the duodenum is anatomically in a retroperitoneal location (that is, behind the peritoneal structures of the abdomen), perforations due to sphincterotomies are retroperitoneal. Sphincterotomy is also associated with a risk of bleeding.[4]
There is also a risk associated with the contrast dye in patients who are allergic to compounds containing iodine.[citation needed] Oversedation can result in dangerously low blood pressure, respiratory depression, nausea, and vomiting.[citation needed] Other complications (less than 1 per 100) may include heart and lung problems, infection in the bile duct called cholangitis. In rare cases, ERCP can cause fatal complications.[5]
Cases of hospital acquired infections with carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae linked to incompletely disinfected duodenoscopes have occurred in the U.S. since at least 2009 per the FDA.[6] Outbreaks were reported from Virginia Mason Hospital in Seattle in 2013, UCLA Health System Los Angeles in 2015, Chicago and Pittsburgh.[7] The FDA issued a safety communication "Design of ERCP Duodenoscopes May Impede Effective Cleaning" in February 2015.,[8] which was updated in December 2015.[9]
See also
References
- ↑ Adler DG, Baron TH, Davila RE, Egan J, Hirota WK, Leighton JA, Qureshi W, Rajan E, Zuckerman MJ, Fanelli R, Wheeler-Harbaugh J, Faigel DO; Standards of Practice Committee of American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. ASGE guideline: the role of ERCP in diseases of the biliary tract and the pancreas.Gastrointest Endosc. 2005 Jul;62(1):1-8.
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- ↑ Medwatch ED-530XT Duodenoscopes by FUJIFILM Medical Systems, U.S.A.: Safety Communication - FUJIFILM Medical Systems Validates Revised Reprocessing Instructions Safety alerts for Human Medical Products. U.S. FDA, 23 December 2015, retrieved 5 January 2016
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