F1 grenade (France)
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| F-1 Grenade | |
|---|---|
From left to right: F1 with M1916 Billant fuse, F1 body, F1 with percussion fuse.
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| Type | Percussion, time-fused grenade |
| Place of origin |  France |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1915–1940[1] |
| Used by | France, United States of America, Finland, Russian Empire, Soviet Union |
| Wars | World War I, Russian Civil War, Winter War and World War II |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Unknown |
| Designed | 1915 |
| Produced | 1915–1940 |
| Specifications | |
| Weight | 530g/550g/570g [2]/600g [3](Vary from sources) |
| Length | 90 mm (without fuse) |
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| Filling | Cheddite (World War I model), Trinitrotoluene (TNT) |
| Filling weight | 60g |
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Detonation
mechanism |
Timed Friction Fuse |
The F-1 grenade is a hand grenade mass-produced by France during and after WW1, used en masse in the majority of European countries throughout the First World War and Second World War. It is said to be the forefather of the modern defensive grenade.
Contents
Overview
The F-1 grenade was first put into mass production by the French State in 1915 during the First World War. In May 1915 the first of the F1 grenades (fusante №1) appeared in the French Military, in limited quantities. This new weapon inherited from the experience of the first months of the war: the shape was made to be more modern, with an external grooves pattern for better grip and easier fragmentation. The second expectation proved deceptive, since the explosion in practice gave no more than 10 fragments (although the pattern was designed to split into all the 38 drawn divisions). The design was proved to be very functional, especially due to its stability compared to other grenades of the same period. Later the Fusante №1 was used en masse by many foreign armies in the period from 1915 - 1940. The F-1 grenande has been used as a basis for the development of many other grenades by different nations, including the US and the USSR. It is the most recognisable grenade of the 20th century.
The F-1 was very widespread during the first half of the 20th century, used by armies of France, Great Britain, United States, Imperial Russia, Soviet Russia, Finland, and others. Overall more than 60,000,000 (sixty million) grenades were produced over 25 years, from 1915 - 1940.
Development
Originally, the F1 was designed to use a lighter-based ignition system, but later it began using a percussion cap fuse. Designs such as the M1916 and M1917 Billant fuses turned the F1 into a time-fused grenade, which was the grenade's final ignition system. By World War II, the F1 used the M1935 fuse, which is a time-based fuse, but it differs from the M1916 Billant fuse internally. The F-1 in its original design was withdrawn from French military service in 1946. The altered models of the grenade remain in military service in countries around the world, among others in the Russian Federation F-1 Grenade (Russia) and in the United States Mk2 Grenade.
United States
The French F-1 grenade with the M1916 Billant fuse was the preferred by the American Army during World War I. The F-1 inspired both the failed American Mk 1 grenade,[citation needed] and the iconic Mk 2 grenade[citation needed] that followed it, introduced in 1920 and used in the US military into the 1970s; it can still be found in service today, although no longer as widespread.
Russian Civil War
During the Russian Civil War, the F1 was both given to the White Movement forces by France and seized in mass by the Bolshevik regime, resulting in a very widespread use of the grenade. After the civil war, the Soviet Artillery command decided to modify the French F-1 into the Russian F1 grenade design.[4] In Soviet folklore and colloquial speech, the grenade became a national icon of social upheaval and revolution, although not referred to as the F-1 but rather (as "limonka", [lı'mɒnkə], "little lemon") due to its very wide usage during the Civil war and the following anarchy in early 1920s. The origins of the Russian (limonka) are ambiguous and remain a reason for historic debate, with one side presenting the case that the grenade was named after its shape and familiarity to the British No. 16 lemon grenade, and other suggesting that the grenade was named after its French designer, Leman, both positions however do not present a faultless case.[citation needed]
