Family Tree DNA

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Family Tree DNA
Industry Genealogical DNA testing
Founded 2000
Founder Bennett Greenspan, Max Blankfeld, and Jim Warren[1]
Headquarters Houston, TX
Area served
 International
Products atDNA testing, mtDNA Tests, Y-DNA testing
Owners Bennett Greenspan and Max Blankfeld
Website www.familytreedna.com

Family Tree DNA is a division of Gene by Gene, a commercial genetic testing company based in Houston, Texas. Family Tree DNA offers analysis of autosomal DNA, Y-DNA, and mitochondrial DNA to individuals for genealogical purposes.

History

Concept and founding (2000–2002)

Family Tree DNA was founded based on an idea conceived by Bennett Greenspan, a lifelong entrepreneur and genealogy enthusiast. In 1999, Greenspan had entered semi-retirement and was working on his family history. He began work on his mother's Nitz lineage.[2][3][4] When faced with a roadblock in his work, he remembered two cases of genetics being used to prove ancestry that had recently been covered by the media. These were a study by University of Arizona researchers showing that many Cohen men from both Ashkenazic and Sephardic groups share the same Y-Chromosome[5] and a study that showed that male descendants of US President Thomas Jefferson and male descendants of his freed slave Sally Hemings shared the same Y-Chromosome and a recent common ancestry.[6]

Greenspan had both Nitz cousins in California and had discovered someone in Argentina with the same ancestral surname and the same ancestral location in Eastern Europe. Wishing to use the same method of DNA comparison for his own genealogy, he contacted Dr. Michael Hammer at the University of Arizona. Greenspan discovered that academic labs did not offer testing directly to the public and that in general direct to consumer testing for genealogy was not commercially available either. Their conversation inspired him to start a company dedicated to using genetics to solve genealogy problems.[4][7][8]

It was early 2000 when Greenspan with his business partners Max Blankfeld and Jim Warren officially launched Family Tree DNA.[1] Initially, the Arizona Research Labs at the University of Arizona performed all testing for Family Tree DNA. Family Tree DNA includes among its scientific staff, Dr. Michael Hammer (PhD), one of a team of scientists that first published on the Cohen Modal Haplotype in 1997 in the journal Nature.[5]

Family Tree DNA began with a proof in concept group of twenty-four that returned results in January. They began by offering 12 Y-Chromosome STR marker tests much like those used in many scientific publications of the time in March 2000. Family Tree DNA became widely known for its Y-chromosome STR testing for the Cohen Modal Haplotype.[9]

Soon, they were offering not only DNA tests but an interface by which dedicated genealogists could run surname research studies. The first person to create such a project through the Family Tree DNA site was Doug Mumma. It was the Mumma project.[9]

Early testing (2000–2006)

The first tests offered by Family Tree DNA were Y-Chromosome STR and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) tests like those used by published academic studies at the time.[citation needed]

Family Tree DNA's initial Y-Chromosome tests were described as 11 marker tests. They eventually began to call this a 12 STR marker test as one of the STRS (DYS385) almost always had two copies. This they billed as a method to affirm or disprove a genealogical connection on the direct paternal line.[citation needed]

Family Tree DNA's first mtDNA tests were for HVR1 (hypervariable region 1) of the mtDNA.[citation needed] Eventually, they added a Plus test that tested for both HVR1 and HVR2.[citation needed]

In the early days, they did not confirm haplogroups for either mtDNA or Y-DNA.[citation needed]

Opening of the Genomics Research Center

In 2006, Family Tree DNA bought out the assets of DNA-Fingerprint, which was a German paternity testing company that offered à la carte testing to the genetic genealogy testing community. With this buyout, Thomas and Astrid Krahn, who had owned DNA-Fingerprint, moved to Houston, TX, and helped open the Genomics Research Center.[citation needed]

The Genomics Research Center initially did testing for many of the same products that had been sold by DNA-Fingerprint. They began to offer individual and panels of Y-Chromosome SNP tests using Sanger testing methods. They also offered the mtDNA full genome test and upgrades to it using the Sanger testing method.[citation needed]

Soon came the launch of the Walk Through the Y (WTY) test. The WTY test offered the most adventurous of citizen scientists the chance to seek the discovery of new Y-Chromosome SNPs.[10]

Meanwhile, most testing continued to be done at the University of Arizona lab. The demand for additional test types lead Greenspan and Blankfeld to move all testing to their own testing lab in Houston, Texas under the Genealogy by Genetics, Ltd. parent company.[1]

Partnerships

Between 2007 and 2010, Family Tree DNA forged several new partnerships that allowed them to access additional international markets.

iGENEA

The first of Family Tree DNA's new partnerships was with the Switzerland-based iGENEA company. It was formed alongside the closing of DNA-Fingerprint and Thomas Krahn's helping open the Genomic Research Center in Houston. Their website is available in English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish.[11][12]

African DNA

In late 2007, Henry Louis Gates, PhD created African DNA in partnership with Family Tree DNA to help promote genetic testing for personal ancestry among African Americans.[13]

DNA Ancestry & Family Origin

DNA Ancestry & Family Origin DNA Ancestry & Family Origin is a genetic genealogy testing partnership between Family Tree DNA and Eastern Biotech & Life Sciences. Their website is available in both English and Arabic.[14]

MyHeritage

In November 2008, a dynamic partnership with MyHeritage was launched, allowing users to incorporate DNA testing and advanced family tree technologies into their family history research. MyHeritage is a website offering online, mobile and software platforms for discovering, preserving and sharing family history worldwide.[15]

DNA testing products

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Autosomal DNA testing

In May 2010, Family Tree DNA launched an autosomal microarray chip based DNA test. They called the new product Family Finder. The initial product used an Affymetrix microarray chip, but Family Tree DNA changed to the Illumina OmniExpress chip and retested all customers who had results from the Affymetrix chip for forward compatibility.[16]

Family Finder also includes a component called myOrigins. This component applies principal component analysis to the same autosomal data to conduct biogeographical analysis (BGA) of the autosomal DNA. The results of this test provide percentages of a DNA associated with general regions or specific ethnic groups (e.g. Western Europe, Asia, Jewish, Native American, etc.)

Notably, unlike other testing companies, they chose to strip out markers for mendelian medical issues, mtDNA results, and Y-DNA SNP results.

Y DNA testing

The company markets a range of Y-DNA tests. These tests cover 37-111 markers depending on the test, and vary in price according to the number of markers covered.[16] Once an individual has tested 111 markers, they may take the "Big Y" test. Big Y tests approximately 20,000 SNPs.

mtDNA testing

Family Tree DNA also sells mtDNA testing, offering the choice of either a limited hypervariable region test, or a full sequence test of the entire mitochondrial DNA chromosome.[16]

National Geographic Geno 2.0

Family Tree DNA staff were instrumental in developing the Geno 2.0 product for the second phase of the Genographic Project.[17] Geno 2.0 samples for both public and scientific study are run at the Genomics Research Center in Houston, Texas that is operated by Family Tree DNA's parent company, Gene by Gene, Ltd.

Gene by Gene

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Main article: Gene by Gene

In September 2012, Greenspan and Blankfeld restructured Family Tree DNA's parent company, Genealogy by Genetics, Ltd. This included their renaming Genealogy by Genetics, Ltd. as Gene by Gene, Ltd.[18][19][20][21] After restructuring, the business comprises four divisions one of these being Family Tree DNA for genealogical DNA tests. It is Gene by Gene, Ltd. that now operates the Genomics Research Center (GRC) lab in Houston, Texas.[18][21][22]

See also

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References

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  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Walk Through the Y (WTY)
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ iGENEA web site, accessed February 23, 2015
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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