Felix Wankel

Felix Wankel
File:Felix Wankel 1960s.jpg
Born	(1902-08-13)13 August 1902 Lahr, Germany
Died	Heidelberg, Germany
Nationality	German
Education	German
Spouse(s)	Emma "Mi" Kirn
Children	none
Parent(s)	Gerty Wankel and Rudolf Wankel
Engineering career
Engineering discipline	Mechanical engineering
Institution memberships	Paki, Reich Air Ministry, Goetze AG, NSU, Wankel GmbH
Significant projects	Wankel engine

Felix Heinrich Wankel (13 August 1902 – 9 October 1988) was a German mechanical engineer and inventor after whom the Wankel engine was named.

Early life

Wankel was born in Lahr, Baden, in the upper Rhine Valley. He was the only son of Gerty Wankel (née Heidlauff) and Rudolf Wankel, a forest assessor. His father fell in World War I. Thereafter, the family moved to Heidelberg. He went to high schools in Donaueschingen, Heidelberg, and Weinheim, and left school without Abitur in 1921. He learned the trade of purchaser at the Carl Winter Press in Heidelberg and worked for the publishing house until June 1926. He and some friends had already run an unofficial afterwork machine shop in a backyard shed in Heidelberg since 1924. Wankel now determined to receive unemployment benefits and to focus on the machine shop. One of his friends, who had graduated from university, gave his name and transformed the shop into an official garage for DKW and Cleveland motor bikes in 1927, where Wankel worked from time to time until his arrest in 1933.

Wankel was gifted since childhood with an ingenious spatial imagination, and became interested in the world of machines, especially combustion engines. After his mother was widowed, Wankel could not afford university education or even an apprenticeship; however, he was able to teach himself technical subjects. At age 17, he told friends that he had dreamt of constructing a car with "a new type of engine, half turbine, half reciprocating. It is my invention!". True to this prediction, he conceived the Wankel engine in 1924 and won his first patent in 1929.

Wankel and the NSDAP

During the early 1920s Wankel was a member of various radical right-wing and anti-Semitic organizations. In 1921 he joined the Heidelberg branch of the Deutschvölkischer Schutz und Trutzbund and in 1922 he became a member of the NSDAP, which was banned soon afterwards. Wankel founded and led youth groups associated with a cover-up organization of the NSDAP. With them he conducted paramilitary training, scouting games and night walks. Whereas his high esteem for technical innovations was not widely shared among the German Youth Movement, he was offered the opportunity to talk about the issue of technology and education to Adolf Hitler and other leading National Socialists in 1928.

In the meantime Wankel's mother had helped founding the local chapter of the NSDAP in his hometown Lahr. Here Wankel not only rejoined the party in 1926, but also met Gauleiter Robert Heinrich Wagner. In 1931 Wagner entrusted Wankel with the leadership of the Hitler Youth in Baden. But both soon fell out with each other, because Wankel tried to put a stronger emphasis on military training, whereas Wagner wished for the Hitler Youth to be a primarily political organization. In a particularly bitter and ugly controversy Wankel publicly accused Wagner of corruption. Wagner paid back by stripping Wankel of his office by early 1932 and managed to have him expelled from the party in October 1932. Wankel, who sympathized with the social-revolutionary wing of the NSDAP among Gregor Strasser anyway, then founded his own National Socialist splinter group in Lahr and continued his attacks on Wagner. Since the Nazi's seizure of power on 30 January 1933 had strengthened his position, Wagner had Wankel arrested and imprisoned in the Lahr jail in March 1933. Only by intervention of Hitler's economic adviser Wilhelm Keppler with Hitler himself, Wankel was set free in September 1933. Keppler had been a friend of Wankel's and an ardent supporter of his technological endeavors since 1927. He now helped Wankel to get state contracts and his own Wankels Versuchs Werkstätten in Lindau. Wankel tried to rejoin the NSDAP in 1937, but was turned down. By the help of Keppler, however, he was admitted to the SS in 1940 in the rank of Obersturmbannführer. Two years later his membership was revoked, though, for reasons yet unknown.

Career

Wankel engine, type DKM54 (1957)

During World War II, Wankel developed seals and rotary valves for German air force aircraft and navy torpedoes, for BMW and Daimler-Benz. After the war, in 1945, he was imprisoned by France for some months, his laboratory was closed by French occupation troops, his work was confiscated, and he was prohibited from doing more work. However, by 1951, he got funding from the Goetze AG company to furnish the new Technical Development Center in his private house in Lindau on Lake Constance. He began development of the engine at NSU (NSU Motorenwerke AG), leading to the first running prototype on 1 February 1957. Unlike modern Wankel engines, this version had both the rotor and housing rotating. It developed 21 horsepower. His engine design was first licensed by Curtiss-Wright in New Jersey, US.

On 19 January 1960 the rotary engine was presented for the first time to specialists and the press in a meeting of the German Engineers' Union at the Deutsches Museum in Munich. In the same year, with the KKM 250, the first practical rotary engine was presented in a converted NSU Prinz. At this time the "Wankel engine" became synonymous with the rotary engine, whereas previously it was called the "Motor nach System NSU/Wankel". At the 1963 IAA, the NSU company presented the NSU Wankel-Spider, the first consumer vehicle, which went into production in 1964. Great attention was received by the NSU in August 1967 for the very modern NSU Ro 80, which had a 115-horsepower engine with two rotors. It was the first German car selected as "Car of the Year" in 1968.

In Japan, the manufacturer Mazda solved the engine's chatter marks problem. The engine has been successfully used by Mazda in several generations of their RX-series of coupés and sedans, including the R100, the RX-7 and more recently the RX-8. [This is not exactly the same things that real. Mazda RX-7 first production return to 1978, while Mercedes-Benz was completed C111 experimental model in 1969 with 3 rotors wankel engine. In 1970 next model which had a 4 rotors wankel engine could reach top speed 290 km/h. Although for 3rd and 4th models Mercedes-Benz shifted to diesel engines; many tests was carried out on wankel engines by Mercedes-Benz C111 .] Wankel became a success in business by securing license agreements around the world. By 1958 Wankel and partners had founded the "Wankel GmbH" company, providing Wankel with a share of the profits for marketing the engine. Among the licensees were Daimler-Benz since 1961, General Motors since 1970, Toyota since 1971. Royalties for the Wankel GmbH for licensure were 40%, later 36%. In 1971 Wankel sold his share of the license royalties for 50 million Deutschmarks to the English conglomerate Lonrho. The following year he got his Technical Development Center back from the Fraunhofer Society.

From 1986 the Felix Wankel Institute cooperated with Daimler Benz AG. Daimler Benz provided the operating costs in return for the research rights. He sold the Institute to Daimer Benz for 100 million Marks.

Personal life

File:Felix-wankel grab.JPG

Wankel's grave in Heidelberg

Wankel married Emma "Mi" Kirin in 1936. Though married until death, they had no children.

He never had a driver's license, because he was extremely near-sighted. He was, however, the owner of an NSU Ro 80 with a Wankel engine, which was chauffeured for him.

In 1969, Wankel was granted an honorary Doctorate of Engineering from Technical University Munich. He was known for his championing of animal rights and opposition to the use of animals in testing.

Wankel died in Heidelberg, aged 86. His grave may be found in the Bergfriedhof of Heidelberg. After his death, the Felix Wankel Foundation sold its real estate property to Volkswagen AG. The Heidelberg Fire Department showcases his last workshop. Wankel's papers are archived in the Technoseum in Mannheim. Furthermore, there is an exhibition "AUTOVISION · Tradition & Forum" in Altlußheim, a permanent showing of over 80 rotary engines and many cars equipped with Wankel motors.

Licensees

Licensing date	Company	Country	Licensed for
21 October 1958	Curtiss-Wright Corp.	USA	Without restriction, no series
29 December 1960	Fichtel & Sachs AG	Germany	Industrial engine and boat, 0.5–30 PS
25 February 1961	Yanmar Diesel Co. Ltd	Japan	Gasoline and Diesel engine, 1–100 PS, 1–300 PS
27 February 1961	Toyo Kogyo, Co. Ltd.	Japan	Gasoline 1–200 PS land vehicles
4 October 1961	Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz AG	Germany	Diesel engine without restriction
26 October 1961	Daimler-Benz AG	Germany	Gasoline 50 PS upwards
30 October 1961	MAN AG	Germany	Diesel engine without restriction
2 November 1961	Friedrich Krupp AG	Germany	Diesel engine without restriction
12 March 1964	Daimler-Benz AG	Germany	Diesel engine without restriction
15 April 1964	S.p.A Alfa Romeo	Italy	Gasoline engine 50–300 PS or Passenger car
17 February 1965	Rolls-Royce Motors Ltd.	UK	Diesel and hybrid engines 100–850 Ps
18 February 1965	IFA VEB	Germany	Gasoline engine 0.5–25 PS and 50–150 PS
2 March 1965	Dr.Ing. h.c. Porsche KG	Germany	Gasoline engine 50–1000 Ps
1 March 1966	Outboard Marine Corp.	USA	Gasoline engine 50–400 Ps
11 May 1967	Comotor S.A.	Luxembourg	Gasoline and Diesel engine 40–200 PS
12 September 1967	Graupner	Germany	0,1–3 PS model engines
28 August 1969	Savkel Ltd.	Israel	Gasoline 0.5–30 PS industrial engines
1 October 1970	Nissan	Japan	Gasoline engines 80–120 Ps
10 November 1970	General Motors	USA	Everything, except aircraft engines
24 November 1970	Suzuki	Japan	Gasoline engines 20–60 PS for motorcycle
25 May 1971	Toyota	Japan	Gasoline engines 75–150 PS
29 November 1971	Ford-Werke AG, Köln	Germany	Gasoline engines 80–200 PS (1974 quit)
25 July 1972	BSA Ltd.	UK	Gasoline engines 35–60 PS for motorcycle
29 September 1972	Yamaha	Japan	Gasoline engines 20–80 PS for motorcycle
4 October 1971	Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd.	Japan	Gasoline engines 20–80 PS for motorcycle
3 February 1973	American Motors (AMC)	USA	Gasoline engines 20–200 PS

Honors and awards

• Honorary doctorate degree from Technische Universität München, 5 December 1969.
• The Federation of German Engineers (VDI) Gold Medal, 1969.
• The Grand Federal Service Cross, Germany's highest civilian honor, 1970
• John Price Wetherill Medal, Philadelphia, 1971.
• The Bavarian Service Medal, 1973.
• The "Honour Citizen" of Lahr,1981, and the title of Professor in 1987.
• The Soichiro Honda Medal, 1987.
• Honorary citizenship of Lindau (declined)

See also

• Wankel engine
• NSU Ro 80
• Norton Commander motorcycle
• Van Veen OCR1000
• Citroën GS Birotor
• Mazda RX-7
• Mazda RX-8
• VAZ
• German inventors and discoverers
• Suzuki RE5

External links

• U.S. Patent 2,988,008
• Animated Engines, Wankel – Animations of Wankel and other engines, i.e. steam, stirling, internal combustion.