Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

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Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick
Prinz Ferdinand Braunschweig.jpg
Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick
Born 12 January 1721
Wolfenbüttel, Brunswick-Lüneburg
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Brunswick, Brunswick-Lüneburg
Allegiance Kingdom of Prussia Prussia (1740-1757)
Province of Hanover Hanover (1757-1763)
Rank Field Marshal
Battles/wars War of the Austrian Succession
* Battle of Mollwitz
* Battle of Chotusitz
* Battle of Soor
Seven Years' War
* Battle of Lobositz
* Battle of Prague (1757)
* Battle of Rossbach
* Battle of Rheinberg
* Battle of Kreffeld
* Battle of Minden
* Battle of Warburg
* Battle of Kloster Kampen
* Battle of Villinghausen
* Battle of Wilhelmsthal
* 2nd Battle of Lutterberg
* Siege of Cassel (1762)
Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

Ferdinand, Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg (12 January 1721, Wolfenbüttel – 3 July 1792, Vechelde), was a German-Prussian field marshal (1758–1766) known for his participation in the Seven Years' War. From 1757 to 1762 he led an Anglo-German army in Western Germany which successfully repelled French attempts to occupy Hanover.

Early life

The fourth son of Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Ferdinand joined the Prussian army as a colonel in 1740. He was present in the battles of Mollwitz and Chotusitz. After Margrave Wilhelm of Brandenburg was killed at Prague in 1744, Ferdinand received command of Frederick the Great's Leibgarde battalion, and at the Battle of Soor (1745) he distinguished himself greatly, especially in the assault of a steep hill, that incidentally was defended by his older brother duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg.[1] He took part in the Second Silesian War before leading part of the invasion of Saxony and Bohemia in 1756 during the Seven Years' War. He participated in the Battle of Rossbach, and then became commander of the allied Hanoverian army.

During ten years of peace, he was in the closest touch with the military work of Frederick the Great, who supervised the instruction of the guard battalion, and sought to make it a model of the whole Prussian army. Ferdinand was, moreover, one of the most intimate friends of the king, and thus he was peculiarly fitted for the tasks which afterwards fell to his lot. In this time, he was promoted to major-general and then lieutenant-general.

Seven Years' War

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In the first campaign of the Seven Years' War, Ferdinand commanded one of the Prussian columns which converged upon Dresden, and in the operations which led up to the surrender of the Saxon army at Pirna (1756). At the Battle of Lobositz, he led the right wing of the Prussian infantry. In 1757, he distinguished himself at Prague, and served also in the Rossbach campaign.

Hanover

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Shortly after this, he was appointed to command the German Army of Observation which had been raised and funded by Britain to protect western Germany, but had recently failed to prevent the French Invasion of Hanover under the previous commander the Duke of Cumberland. Ferdinand accepted this appointment on the condition that he would have direct access to George II ruler of Hanover and Britain.[2] His new commission placed him in Hanoverian service, rather than Prussian or British. Despite this Frederick continued to communicate with him as though he were under his direct command.

Ferdinand's best known victory the Battle of Minden (1759).

He found this army dejected by a reverse and a capitulation, yet within a week of his taking up the command, he assumed the offensive, and thus began the career of victory which made his reputation as a soldier. He tried to raise Hanoverian support for the war effort by highlighting various atrocities committed by French troops during their occupation.[3] By Spring 1758 he had driven the French out of Hanover and back across the River Rhine which gave him a reputation in Britain as a talented General, and helped boost support for British involvement in the German war. From June 1758, following the Capture of Emden, British troops arrived on the continent and directly added to Ferdinand's forces. The amount of British troops was increased throughout the war.

Offensive across the Rhine

Ferdinand followed up his success in driving the French back by crossing the Rhine himself as part of a fresh offensive. This caused alarm in France, as it was feared that a naval descent by large number of British reinforcements was intended to be co-ordinated with Ferdinand's advance, although the destination of the descent soon turned out to be St Malo in Brittany rather than the Low Countries. In spite of this Ferdinand still posed an insignificant threat and it was believed he was poised to attack the Austrian Netherlands or even northern Italy.

On 12 June 1758 he fought an indecisive Battle of Rheinberg before he won the Battle of Krefeld but could not easily maintain so advanced a position and fell back to the River Lippe.

Minden

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He resumed a bold offensive in 1759, only to be repulsed at Bergen where he was defeated by France in the Battle of Bergen on 13 April 1759. Following the battle Ferdinand retreated in the face of a French advance, but managed to check them with a decisive victory at the Battle of Minden. This ended the immediate French threat to Hanover, as the French army was in no condition to continue its advance.

Villinghausen, Wilhelmsthal, Warburg and other victories attested the increasing power of Ferdinand in the following campaigns, and Frederick, hard pressed in the eastern theatre of war, owed much of his success in an almost hopeless task to the continued pressure exerted by Ferdinand in the west.

In promoting him to Field Marshal in November 1758, Frederick acknowledged his debt in the words, Je n'ai fait que ce que je dois, mon cher Ferdinand. After Minden, King George II of Great Britain gave the duke the Order of the Garter, and the thanks of the British parliament were voted on the same occasion to the victor of Minden.

Later career

After the war, he was honored by other sovereigns, and he received the rank of field marshal and a regiment from the Austrians. During the War of American Independence, there was a suggestion, which came to nothing, of offering him the command of the British forces. He devoted most of the small income he received from his various offices and the rewards given to him by the allied princes to compensate those who had suffered in the Seven Years' War.

The estrangement of Frederick and Ferdinand in 1766 led to the duke's retirement from Prussian service, but there was no open breach between the old friends, and Ferdinand visited the king in 1772, 1777, 1779 and 1782. Ferdinand retired to Brunswick and his castle of Vechelde, where he occupied himself in building and other improvements. He became a patron of learning and art, and a great benefactor of the poor. He died on 3 July 1792.

The merits, civil and military, of the prince were recognized by memorials not only in Prussia and Hanover, but also in Denmark, the states of western Germany and England. The Prussian memorials include an equestrian statue at Berlin 1863.

Ancestry

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
16. Henry III, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8. Augustus the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (=#24)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
17. Princess Ursula of Saxe-Lauenburg-Ratzeburg
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4. Ferdinand Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18. John Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
9. Duchess Elisabeth Sophia of Mecklenburg-Gustrow (=#25)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
19. Duchess Elisabeth of Mecklenburg-Gadebusch
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2. Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
20. Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10. Frederick, Landgrave of Hesse-Eschwege
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
21. Countess Juliana of Nassau-Dillenburg
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5. Landgravine Christina Wilhelmina of Hesse-Eschwege
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
22. John Casimir, Count Palatine of Kleeburg
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
11. Countess Palatine Eleonora Catherine of Zweibrücken
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
23. Princess Katharina of Sweden
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1. Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
24. Augustus the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (=#8)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
12. Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
25. Duchess Elisabeth Sophia of Mecklenburg-Gustrow (=#9)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6. Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Weston
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
26. Frederick, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderborg-Nordborg
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
13. Princess Elisabeth Juliana Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderborg-Nordborg
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
27. Princess Eleonore of Anhalt-Zerbst
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3. Duchess Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
28. Joachim Ernest, Count of Oettingen-Oettingen
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
14. Albert Ernest I, Prince of Oettingen-Oettingen
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
29. Countess Anna Dorothea of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7. Princess Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
30. Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15. Duchess Christine Friederike of Württemberg
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
31. Countess Anna Katherina of Salm-Kyrburg
 
 
 
 
 
 

References

  1. Frederick the Great, A history of my own times Part II, p. 232 in Posthumous Works, vol 1, 1789. Translated by Thomas Holcroft. Text available at Google Books
  2. McLynn p.259-60
  3. McLynn p.260

Bibliography

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