Fiber (mathematics)

In mathematics, the term fiber (or fibre in British English) can have two meanings, depending on the context:

1. In naive set theory, the fiber of the element y in the set Y under a map f : X → Y is the inverse image of the singleton $\{y\}$ under f.
2. In algebraic geometry, the notion of a fiber of a morphism of schemes must be defined more carefully because, in general, not every point is closed.

Definitions

Fiber in naive set theory

Let f : X → Y be a map. The fiber of an element $y \in Y$, commonly denoted by $f^{-1}(y)$, is defined as

$f^{-1}(\{y\})=\{x \in X \, | \, f(x) = y\}.$

In various applications, this is also called:

• the inverse image of $\{y\}$ under the map f
• the preimage of $\{y\}$ under the map f
• the level set of the function f at the point y.

The term level set is only used if f maps into the real numbers and so y is simply a number. If f is a continuous function and if y is in the image of f, then the level set of y under f is a curve in 2D, a surface in 3D, and more generally a hypersurface of dimension d-1.

Fiber in algebraic geometry

In algebraic geometry, if f : X → Y is a morphism of schemes, the fiber of a point p in Y is the fibered product $X\times_Y \mathrm{Spec}\, k(p)$ where k(p) is the residue field at p.

Terminological variance

The recommended practice is to use the terms fiber, inverse image, preimage, and level set as follows:

• the fiber of the element y under the map f
• the inverse image of the set $\{y\}$ under the map f
• the preimage of the set $\{y\}$ under the map f
• the level set of the function f at the point y.

By abuse of language, the following terminology is sometimes used but should be avoided:

• the fiber of the map f at the element y
• the inverse image of the map f at the element y
• the preimage of the map f at the element y
• the level set of the point y under the map f.

See also

• Fibration
• Fiber bundle
• Fiber product
• Image (category theory)
• Image (mathematics)
• Inverse relation
• Kernel (mathematics)
• Level set
• Preimage
• Relation
• Zero set