File:Internet Key Layers.png

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Summary

Seven key layers of the internet are illustrated, showing how users are connected to content (ie, web pages) served by content providers. Significant milestones are highlighted in columns on the left and right, showing key contributions made by some of the instrumental people involved in inventing and developing the technology. Listed on the left side are the highlighted rudimentary advances. Listed on the right side are the more refined advances that helped to enable major breakthroughs. For example, while computers were around since the 1940s, it was not until the advent of inexpensive personal computers in the mid-1970s that the Internet revolution could be enabled. These two columns can be thought of as the "first wave" and the "second wave" in construction toward the internet.

A network is formed when multiple computers are linked together. The Internet is the formation consisting of a 'network of networks', enabled globally through a standard Internet Protocol (IP). It is said that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/email" class="extiw" title="w:email">email</a> was the first extremely popular application of the Internet. The World Wide Web was a significant advance in accessing information on the Internet, by implementing the HyperText Transfer Protocol (http). But even the Web was in want of an engaging User Interface, and this was provided by the web browser, where images could be displayed along with text and hyperlinks. Up through the late 1990s, browsing the web was frequently frustrating when trying to find specific content. This problem was solved by significant advances in the search engine, specifically with the advent of Google in 1998 and their backlink "voting" algorithm for ranking page relevance. Content in specific webpages, coded in HyperText Markup Language (html), is directly accessible in the Web. For this reason, the Search Engine layer is marked with an asterisk (*). But if content cannot be found by a user, then this is indistinguishable from that content not existing, from the perspective of that user. (Content can also be accessed without using a browser nor the Web, as was the norm prior to the invention of the Web, but this is no longer typically done by the average user.) Solving the search problem was a critical step in the creation of a highly usable internet. 1976 could be taken as the first singular point in this computer revolution timeline, where the devices started to make great headway into the home, and 1998 can be seen as the culminating layer where the search problem became mostly solved. The web was then engaging and very easily usable. Maturation of these seven layers then set the stage for subsequent revolutions, such as YouTube and Social Networking. That mature version was later referred to as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0" class="extiw" title="w:Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a>, so this diagram can be seen as identifying the layers and milestones accomplished in the creation of "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0#History" class="extiw" title="w:Web 2.0">Web 1.0</a>".

Layers are labeled in the plural when a multitude of elements exist within that layer, versus just one (such as one Internet) or only several (as with search engines). Note that 'content' here is used in the plural, as there are literally trillions of webpages. At the bottom of these layers is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_(computing)" class="extiw" title="w:User (computing)">user</a>, interfacing with their computer. At the top is the content. So the internet is a system that connects users to content presented by its creators. When providers of content are users themselves, then the connection is what is known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer" class="extiw" title="w:Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a>. The path used by creators to upload their content is similar to the path for users in accessing the content. A more complete diagram could be shown in the geometry of the letter lambda: Λ, depicting a direct connection with a content creator located at their computer at the base of one leg, and the user at their computer at the base of the other leg. But a strictly vertical geometry is depicted in this diagram for the sake of simplicity. HyperCard was a major breakthrough for hyperlinked user content, and while it failed to make the transition to internetworked connectivity, it was inspirational toward the creation of advancements like html.

A distinction between Web 2.0 versus Web 1.0 is that the early version of the internet had very few content creators, whereas applications like social media has enabled exponential growth in the numbers of users who are also content creators.

A timeline could be identified as:

pre-1971 - Infrastructure building,
1971 - Internetworking made useful with the "killer app" of email,
1991 - Internet made functional with the public debut of the World Wide Web (50 years after the first Turing-complete computer by Zuse, 20 years after email),
1993 - Internet made engaging with the rich graphic interface of Mosaic,
1998 - Internet made practical with Google solving relevant search, thereby making accessible large portions of the internet that had been unknown to users.

Quote:

“ There are two ages of the Internet - before Mosaic, and after. The combination of Tim Berners-Lee's Web protocols, which provided connectivity, and Marc Andreesen's browser, which provided a great interface, proved explosive. In twenty-four months, the Web has gone from being unknown to absolutely ubiquitous. ”

—A Brief History of Cyberspace, Mark Pesce, ZDNet, October 15, 1995
“ "In the Web's first generation, Tim Berners-Lee launched the Uniform Resource Locator (URL), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and HTML standards with prototype Unix-based servers and browsers. A few people noticed that the Web might be better than Gopher.

In the second generation, Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina developed NCSA Mosaic at the University of Illinois. Several million then suddenly noticed that the Web might be better than sex.

In the third generation, Andreessen and Bina left NCSA to found Netscape..."

 ”

—Bob Metcalfe, InfoWorld, August 21, 1995, Vol. 17, Issue 34.<a href="#cite_note-Web-1">[1]</a>
(The above quotes were published three years prior to the advent of Google's breakthrough in search.)

For further information, see:

For more technical information, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/b/kaushal/archive/2013/08/03/ssl-handshake-and-https-bindings-on-iis.aspx">SSL Handshake and HTTPS Bindings on IIS</a>.

A 9-layer model, with separated security layers, is available here:
<a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Information_Technology_Infrastructure_Layers_2014.pdf" class="image" title="File:Information Technology Infrastructure Layers 2014.pdf"><img alt="File:Information Technology Infrastructure Layers 2014.pdf" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Information_Technology_Infrastructure_Layers_2014.pdf/page1-120px-Information_Technology_Infrastructure_Layers_2014.pdf.jpg" width="120" height="155" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Information_Technology_Infrastructure_Layers_2014.pdf/page1-180px-Information_Technology_Infrastructure_Layers_2014.pdf.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Information_Technology_Infrastructure_Layers_2014.pdf/page1-240px-Information_Technology_Infrastructure_Layers_2014.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1650"></a>
<a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Information_Technology_Infrastructure_Layers_2014.pdf" title="File:Information Technology Infrastructure Layers 2014.pdf">File:Information Technology Infrastructure Layers 2014.pdf</a>

Licensing

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File history

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Date/TimeThumbnailDimensionsUserComment
current01:01, 22 December 2016Thumbnail for version as of 01:01, 22 December 20161,850 × 1,294 (197 KB)127.0.0.1 (talk)Seven key layers of the internet are illustrated, showing how users are connected to content (ie, web pages) served by content providers. Significant milestones are highlighted in columns on the left and right, showing key contributions made by some of the instrumental people involved in inventing and developing the technology. Listed on the left side are the highlighted rudimentary advances. Listed on the right side are the more refined advances that helped to enable major breakthroughs. For example, while computers were around since the 1940s, it was not until the advent of inexpensive personal computers in the mid-1970s that the Internet revolution could be enabled. These two columns can be thought of as the "first wave" and the "second wave" in construction toward the internet. <p>A network is formed when multiple computers are linked together. The Internet is the formation consisting of a 'network of networks', enabled globally through a standard Internet Protocol (IP). It is said that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/email" class="extiw" title="w:email">email</a> was the first extremely popular application of the Internet. The World Wide Web was a significant advance in accessing information on the Internet, by implementing the HyperText Transfer Protocol (http). But even the Web was in want of an engaging User Interface, and this was provided by the web browser, where images could be displayed along with text and hyperlinks. Up through the late 1990s, browsing the web was frequently frustrating when trying to find specific content. This problem was solved by significant advances in the search engine, specifically with the advent of Google in 1998 and their backlink "voting" algorithm for ranking page relevance. Content in specific webpages, coded in HyperText Markup Language (html), is directly accessible in the Web. For this reason, the Search Engine layer is marked with an asterisk (*). But if content cannot be found by a user, then this is indistinguishable from that content not existing, from the perspective of that user. (Content can also be accessed without using a browser nor the Web, as was the norm prior to the invention of the Web, but this is no longer typically done by the average user.) Solving the search problem was a critical step in the creation of a highly usable internet. 1976 could be taken as the first singular point in this computer revolution timeline, where the devices started to make great headway into the home, and 1998 can be seen as the culminating layer where the search problem became mostly solved. The web was then engaging and very easily usable. Maturation of these seven layers then set the stage for subsequent revolutions, such as YouTube and Social Networking. That mature version was later referred to as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0" class="extiw" title="w:Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a>, so this diagram can be seen as identifying the layers and milestones accomplished in the creation of "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0#History" class="extiw" title="w:Web 2.0">Web 1.0</a>". </p> <p>Layers are labeled in the plural when a multitude of elements exist within that layer, versus just one (such as one Internet) or only several (as with search engines). Note that 'content' here is used in the plural, as there are literally trillions of webpages. At the bottom of these layers is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_(computing)" class="extiw" title="w:User (computing)">user</a>, interfacing with their computer. At the top is the content. So the internet is a system that connects users to content presented by its creators. When providers of content are users themselves, then the connection is what is known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer" class="extiw" title="w:Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a>. The path used by creators to upload their content is similar to the path for users in accessing the content. A more complete diagram could be shown in the geometry of the letter lambda: Λ, depicting a direct connection with a content creator located at their computer at the base of one leg, and the user at their computer at the base of the other leg. But a strictly vertical geometry is depicted in this diagram for the sake of simplicity. HyperCard was a major breakthrough for hyperlinked user content, and while it failed to make the transition to internetworked connectivity, it was inspirational toward the creation of advancements like html. </p> <p>A distinction between Web 2.0 versus Web 1.0 is that the early version of the internet had very few content creators, whereas applications like social media has enabled exponential growth in the numbers of users who are also content creators. </p> <p>A timeline could be identified as:<br></p> <dl><dd>pre-1971 - Infrastructure building,<br><dl> <dd>1971 - Internetworking <i>made useful</i> with the "killer app" of email,<br> </dd> <dd>1991 - Internet <i>made functional</i> with the public debut of the World Wide Web (50 years after the first Turing-complete computer by Zuse, 20 years after email),<br> </dd> <dd>1993 - Internet <i>made engaging</i> with the rich graphic interface of Mosaic,<br> </dd> <dd>1998 - Internet <i>made practical</i> with Google solving relevant search, thereby making accessible large portions of the internet that had been unknown to users.</dd> </dl> </dd></dl> <p>Quote: </p> <table class="cquote" style="margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; width: auto;"> <tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;"> “ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;"> There are two ages of the Internet - before Mosaic, and after. The combination of Tim Berners-Lee's Web protocols, which provided connectivity, and Marc Andreesen's browser, which provided a great interface, proved explosive. In twenty-four months, the Web has gone from being unknown to absolutely ubiquitous. </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;"> ” </td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"> <p style="font-size: smaller; text-align: right;"><cite style="font-style: normal;">—A Brief History of Cyberspace, Mark Pesce, ZDNet, October 15, 1995</cite></p> </td></tr> </table> <table class="cquote" style="margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; width: auto;"> <tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;"> “ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;"> "In the Web's first generation, Tim Berners-Lee launched the Uniform Resource Locator (URL), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and HTML standards with prototype Unix-based servers and browsers. A few people noticed that the Web might be better than Gopher. <p>In the second generation, Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina developed NCSA Mosaic at the University of Illinois. Several million then suddenly noticed that the Web might be better than sex. </p> <p>In the third generation, Andreessen and Bina left NCSA to found Netscape..." </p> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;"> ” </td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"> <p style="font-size: smaller; text-align: right;"><cite style="font-style: normal;">—Bob Metcalfe, InfoWorld, August 21, 1995, Vol. 17, Issue 34.<sup id="cite_ref-Web_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Web-1">[1]</a></sup></cite></p> </td></tr> </table> <dl><dd><dl><dd>(The above quotes were published three years prior to the advent of Google's breakthrough in search.)<br><br> </dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>For further information, see: </p> <ul> <li> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_content" class="extiw" title="w:Web content">Web content</a>/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_page" class="extiw" title="w:Web page">Web page</a> (also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/email" class="extiw" title="w:email">email</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Tomlinson" class="extiw" title="w:Ray Tomlinson">Ray Tomlinson</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperCard" class="extiw" title="w:HyperCard">HyperCard</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Atkinson" class="extiw" title="w:Bill Atkinson">Bill Atkinson</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENQUIRE" class="extiw" title="w:ENQUIRE">ENQUIRE</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" class="extiw" title="w:HTML">HTML (HyperText Markup Language)</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cailliau" class="extiw" title="w:Robert Cailliau">Robert Cailliau</a>)</li> <li> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_engine" class="extiw" title="w:Web search engine">Web search engine</a> (also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_search_engine" class="extiw" title="w:Archie search engine">Archie</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search" class="extiw" title="w:Google Search">Google Search</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin" class="extiw" title="w:Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page" class="extiw" title="w:Larry Page">Larry Page</a>)</li> <li> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser" class="extiw" title="w:Web browser">Web browser</a> (also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_web_browser#Precursors" class="extiw" title="w:History of the web browser">Web browser precursors</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_(web_browser)" class="extiw" title="w:Mosaic (web browser)">Mosaic</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Andreessen" class="extiw" title="w:Marc Andreessen">Marc Andreessen</a>)</li> <li> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" class="extiw" title="w:World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> (also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="extiw" title="w:Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" class="extiw" title="w:Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>)</li> <li> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web" class="extiw" title="w:History of the World Wide Web">History of the World Wide Web</a> (also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundaneum" class="extiw" title="w:Mundaneum">Mundaneum</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Brain" class="extiw" title="w:World Brain">World Brain</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memex" class="extiw" title="w:Memex">Memex</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Xanadu" class="extiw" title="w:Project Xanadu">Xanadu</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLS_(computer_system)" class="extiw" title="w:NLS (computer system)">NLS</a>)</li> <li> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" class="extiw" title="w:Internet">Internet</a> (also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" class="extiw" title="w:TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kahn" class="extiw" title="w:Robert Kahn">Robert Kahn</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinton_Cerf" class="extiw" title="w:Vinton Cerf">Vinton Cerf</a>)</li> <li> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" class="extiw" title="w:History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a> (also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" class="extiw" title="w:ARPANET">ARPANET</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider" class="extiw" title="w:J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a>)</li> <li> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network" class="extiw" title="w:Computer network">Computer network</a> (also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment" class="extiw" title="w:Semi-Automatic Ground Environment">Semi-Automatic Ground Environment</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" class="extiw" title="w:Ethernet">Ethernet</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Metcalf" class="extiw" title="w:Robert Metcalf">Robert Metcalf</a>)</li> <li> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer" class="extiw" title="w:Computer">Computer</a> (also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zuse" class="extiw" title="w:Konrad Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I" class="extiw" title="w:Apple I">Apple I</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" class="extiw" title="w:Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs" class="extiw" title="w:Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a>)<br><br> </li> </ul> <p>For more technical information, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/b/kaushal/archive/2013/08/03/ssl-handshake-and-https-bindings-on-iis.aspx">SSL Handshake and HTTPS Bindings on IIS</a>. </p> A 9-layer model, with separated security layers, is available here:<br><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Information_Technology_Infrastructure_Layers_2014.pdf" class="image" title="File:Information Technology Infrastructure Layers 2014.pdf"><img alt="File:Information Technology Infrastructure Layers 2014.pdf" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Information_Technology_Infrastructure_Layers_2014.pdf/page1-120px-Information_Technology_Infrastructure_Layers_2014.pdf.jpg" width="120" height="155" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Information_Technology_Infrastructure_Layers_2014.pdf/page1-180px-Information_Technology_Infrastructure_Layers_2014.pdf.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Information_Technology_Infrastructure_Layers_2014.pdf/page1-240px-Information_Technology_Infrastructure_Layers_2014.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1650"></a><br><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Information_Technology_Infrastructure_Layers_2014.pdf" title="File:Information Technology Infrastructure Layers 2014.pdf">File:Information Technology Infrastructure Layers 2014.pdf</a>
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