File:NavajoVowelFormantsMcDonough1993.png
Summary
Navajo vowel formants.
The graphing the first and second formants of a vowel roughly corresponds to its perceived location on a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vowel_chart" class="extiw" title="w:vowel chart">vowel chart</a>.
Formant data from McDonough et al. (1993).
First <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/formant" class="extiw" title="w:formant">formant</a> (F1) is plotted against the difference between the second and first formants (F2-F1). Formant measurements are in Hz. The frequencies have been converted to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mel" class="extiw" title="w:mel">mel</a> scaling (the equation is <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2cfcec5ee72142aeef77471d61ab47d8c22430d5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-math-element" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:51.061ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle mel=(1000/\log _{10}2)(\log _{10}(1+frequency/1000))\ }">, which is from Fant (1968)).
The F2-F1 vs. F1 plotting (over a F2 vs. F1 plotting) is suggested by Ladefoged (1993). The mel scaling suggestion is from Ladefoged (1967). McDonough's formant values are found here: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_phonology#Acoustic_phonetics" class="extiw" title="w:Navajo phonology">Navajo phonology: Vowels: Acoustic phonetics</a>.
Bibliography:
- Fant, Gunnar. (1968). Analysis and synthesis of speech processes. In B. Malmberg (Ed.), Manual of phonetics (pp. 173-177). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
- Ladefoged (1967). Three areas of experimental phonetics. London: Oxford University Press.
- Ladefoged (1993). A course in phonetics (3rd ed.). Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
- McDonough, Joyce; Ladefoged, Peter; & George, H. (1993). Navajo vowels and universal phonetic tendencies. University of California Working Papers in Phonetics, 84, 143-150.
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| Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| current | 20:58, 16 January 2017 | | 691 × 570 (23 KB) | 127.0.0.1 (talk) | <p><b>Navajo vowel formants</b>. </p> <p>The graphing the first and second formants of a vowel roughly corresponds to its perceived location on a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vowel_chart" class="extiw" title="w:vowel chart">vowel chart</a>. </p> <p>Formant data from McDonough et al. (1993). </p> <p>First <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/formant" class="extiw" title="w:formant">formant</a> (F1) is plotted against the difference between the second and first formants (F2-F1). Formant measurements are in Hz. The frequencies have been converted to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mel" class="extiw" title="w:mel">mel</a> scaling (the equation is <span><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y mw-math-element" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"><mi>m</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>l</mi><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1000</mn><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mo>/</mo></mrow><msub><mi>log</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>10</mn></mrow></msub><mo><!-- --></mo><mn>2</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mi>log</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>10</mn></mrow></msub><mo><!-- --></mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mi>f</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>q</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>y</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mo>/</mo></mrow><mn>1000</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mtext> </mtext></mstyle></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle mel=(1000/\log _{10}2)(\log _{10}(1+frequency/1000))\ }</annotation></semantics></math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2cfcec5ee72142aeef77471d61ab47d8c22430d5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-math-element" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:51.061ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle mel=(1000/\log _{10}2)(\log _{10}(1+frequency/1000))\ }"></span>, which is from Fant (1968)). </p> <p>The F2-F1 vs. F1 plotting (over a F2 vs. F1 plotting) is suggested by Ladefoged (1993). The mel scaling suggestion is from Ladefoged (1967). McDonough's formant values are found here: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_phonology#Acoustic_phonetics" class="extiw" title="w:Navajo phonology">Navajo phonology: Vowels: Acoustic phonetics</a>. </p> <p>Bibliography: </p> <ul> <li> Fant, Gunnar. (1968). Analysis and synthesis of speech processes. In B. Malmberg (Ed.), <i>Manual of phonetics</i> (pp. 173-177). Amsterdam: North-Holland.</li> <li> Ladefoged (1967). <i>Three areas of experimental phonetics</i>. London: Oxford University Press.</li> <li> Ladefoged (1993). <i>A course in phonetics</i> (3rd ed.). Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.</li> <li> McDonough, Joyce; Ladefoged, Peter; & George, H. (1993). Navajo vowels and universal phonetic tendencies. <i>University of California Working Papers in Phonetics</i>, <i>84</i>, 143-150.</li> </ul> |
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