Finland–NATO relations

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Finland–NATO relations

Finland
NATO

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File:Presidentti Sauli Niinistö ja pääministeri Sanna Marinin tiedotustilaisuus 15.5.2022 (52073724707).jpg
Prime Minister Sanna Marin and President Sauli Niinistö at the press conference announcing Finland's intent to apply to NATO on 15 May 2022.
File:Valtioneuvoston istunto ja tasavallan presidentin esittely 17.5.2022.jpg
Foreign minister Pekka Haavisto signing Finland's application for NATO membership in 2022
File:Kamala Harris joined President Biden welcoming Sweden and Finland on their NATO application (1).jpg
Vice President Harris joined President Biden welcoming Prime Minister Andersson and President Niinistö to Washington to discuss Sweden and Finland’s NATO applications.

Finland is one of six members of the European Union that are not members of NATO. Finland has had formal relations with NATO since 1994, when it joined the Partnership for Peace programme. The country maintains positive relations with the organisation and the possibility of membership has been a topic of debate in the country since the end of the Cold War. Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the debate turned in favour of NATO membership, and the country officially applied to join NATO on 18 May 2022.

On 5 July 2022, NATO signed the accession protocol for Finland to join the alliance.[1]

Background

At the end of World War II, Finland had to cut its ties with Germany with which it had allied against the Soviet Union in the Continuation War. Following the war, foreign policy was guided by the so-called Paasikivi-Kekkonen line, which aimed to ensure Finland's survival as an independent sovereign, democratic, and capitalist state next to the communist Soviet Union. This was to be achieved by maintaining good enough relations with the Soviet Union to avoid war with its eastern neighbor. The Finnish government refused foreign aid from the US under the Marshall Plan due to pressure from the Soviet Union. Shortly afterwards, the YYA Treaty was concluded between Finland and the Soviet Union. The Cold War was marked by so-called “Finlandization”, in which Finland retained its nominal independence on internal affairs, while its foreign policy was limited to avoid conflicts with the Soviet Union's foreign policy. As a result, it took neutral stances to stay out of great power conflicts, and refrained from joining NATO, the European Communities or other institutions which were established following the war by the Western democratic states, as well as the Soviet let Warsaw Pact. During the peak of the Cold War the Finnish government made a conscious effort to increase defence capabilities, to ensure a strong deterrent for any potential invasion. From 1968 onwards, the Finnish government adopted the doctrine of territorial defence, which requires the use of large land areas to delay and wear out a potential aggressor. This was complemented by the concept of total defence, which calls for the use of all resources of society for national defence in case of a crisis.

Co-operation

File:130924-F-DT859-006 (9949415955).jpg
A Finnish air force F-18 Hornet, in 2026 F-35 Lightning II will replace Finland`s current Hornets
File:Cpl Glen Sargent briefs some Members of the Finnish Army and Pte Michael Kearney (4433038044).jpg
Finland has sent peacekeepers to Kosovo as part of the NATO-led Kosovo Force. In this image, two Finnish soldiers are receiving a briefing from an Irish soldier.

Finland participates in nearly all sub-areas of the Partnership for Peace programme, and has provided peacekeeping forces to both the Afghanistan and Kosovo missions.[2] Finland maintains close relations with NATO and purchases military equipment from members of the alliance, including F-35 Lightning II aircraft, and newly-procured equipment must follow NATO standards.[3]

File:US Navy 090615-N-6138K-618 Finnish Navy boarding team members Cpl. Petri Linna, left, and Sgt. Joonas Moinaneu lay down suppressing fire while their team members move forward during a disaster training exercise.jpg
Finland has participated in the US-led BALTOPS exercises along with many NATO countries and other Partners for Peace; shown here are Finnish soldiers taking part in BALTOPS 2009 in Sweden.

In April 2014, while Carl Haglund was Defence Minister, the government announced that it was negotiating a a memorandum of understanding with NATO (fi) on Finland's readiness to receive military assistance and to aid NATO in equipment maintenance. However, Haglund emphasized that this memorandum would not be a step towards membership.[4] The agreement, signed in September 2014, allows NATO and Finland to hold joint exercises on Finnish soil and permits assistance from NATO members in situations such as "disasters, disruptions, and threats to security."[5] As such, Finland (and Sweden) participated in the 2015 NATO-led Arctic Challenge Exercise.[6]

Membership debate

History

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union between 1988–91, the threat posed to Finland's independence was diminished. NATO emphasised its Open Door Policy to admitting new members, and many former Eastern Bloc and post-Soviet states joined the alliance in the 1990s and 2000s. However, across multiple subsequent governments the Finnish position was that joining NATO was not necessary, and it was preferable to retain an independent defence policy, though if conditions changed the country had the right to exercise the option to join NATO.[7] Removing barriers to effectively exercising the option to join an alliance (for example, by increasing interopability) is a part of this policy.[8] The country did move away from neutrality during this period though, joining the European Union in 1995 which required adopting its Common Foreign and Security Policy.

The possibility of Finland's membership in NATO was one of the most important issues debated in relation to the Finnish presidential election of 2006.[2] The main opposition candidate (and current president) Sauli Niinistö, of the National Coalition Party, supported Finland joining a "more European" NATO.[2] Fellow right-winger Henrik Lax of the Swedish People's Party likewise supported the concept. On the other side, president Tarja Halonen of the Social Democratic Party opposed changing the status quo, as did most other candidates in the election. Her victory and re-election to the post of president put the issue of a NATO membership for Finland on hold the duration of her term.

In 2007, Finland made various technical preparations of the Finnish Defence Forces for membership, with the then Defence Minister Jyri Häkämies eager to pursue NATO membership. The government preferred to wait until after the negotiations of the new EU treaty were concluded before reviewing their policy on NATO, to determine if it included a new EU-level defence agreement.[9] However, public interest in the issue decreased in subsequent years.

Finnish think tank EVA (fi), which has regularly commissioned opinion polls on NATO membership, noted in its 2015 report a downward trend in the percent opposed that started in 1998, including a steep decline after the 2012 presidential election.[10] In March 2014, during Russia's annexation of Crimea, one survey showed only 22 percent supported membership, though a second showed that 53 percent would support membership if Finnish leadership recommended it.[11] Support for a military alliance with neighbor Sweden was also high, at 54 percent,[12] and Finland could possibly seek an enlarged role for NORDEFCO.[13] Finnish Minister of Defence Carl Haglund suggested that a referendum on NATO membership could be held sometime after the 2015 parliamentary election.[14]

In January 2022, Prime Minister Sanna Marin said that Finland reserved the option of applying NATO membership if it chooses to do so, but she said it was "very unlikely" it would happen during her term as Prime Minister.[15][16] On 24 February 2022, in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, she reiterated that while Finland was "not currently facing an immediate military threat," joining NATO was still a possibility, noting that "the debate on NATO membership in Finland will change."[17] On 25 February, a Russian Foreign Ministry spokesperson threatened Finland and Sweden with "military and political consequences" if they attempted to join NATO. Both countries had attended the emergency NATO summit as members of NATO's Partnership for Peace and both had condemned the invasion and had provided assistance to Ukraine.[18] Following a meeting on 1 March 2022 to discuss whether to apply to become full members of NATO, Prime Minister Sanna Marin stated that no decision had been made on the issue yet, saying that "such an important question needs to be dealt with thoroughly".[19]

Opinion polling following the invasion showed an unprecedented increase in support for joining NATO amount Finns, with a clear majority in favour.[20] Additionally, multiple citizens' initiatives on the subject got the required 50,000 signatures, requiring the Parliament of Finland to consider the matter.[21][22][23] President Niinistö characterised the polling as demonstrating sufficient popular support for an application.[24] Prime Minister Marin suggested that the decision process must be concluded in the spring and in a matter of "weeks, not months".[25][26]

On April 13, the Ministry for Foreign Affairs produced a report on the international security landscape and on the foreign and defence policy options available to Finland, which is expected to form the basis of the debate on NATO membership.[27] The report identifies that the Russian invasion has changed the long-term European security environment, and made it more difficult to predict and act within in the near term.[28] It does not explicitly take a position on NATO membership, but does state that the present security arrangements are insufficient and that membership would increase stability, although there is no immediate threat. As a member, Finland would not be obliged to accept foreign bases or the presence of nuclear weapons on its territory;[29] Finland's defence budget would rise by 1 to 1.5%.[30] Helsingin Sanomat assessed it as a positive evaluation of NATO membership.[29]

Political positions

Prior to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the National Coalition Party and Swedish People's Party of Finland supported NATO membership, and the other parties were neutral or opposed to varying degrees. In 2016, the party conference of the National Coalition Party agreed that Finland should apply for membership "in the next few years".[31] In the vision of the Swedish People's Party of Finland set out in the same year, Finland will be a NATO member in 2025.[32] Many individual politicians have advocated for NATO as well, including the current President Sauli Niinistö and former Prime Minister Alexander Stubb,[33] as well as former President Martti Ahtisaari,[2][34] who has argued that Finland should join all the organizations supported by other Western democracies in order "to shrug off once and for all the burden of Finlandization."[35] Two other former presidents from the Social Democratic Party, Tarja Halonen and Mauno Koivisto, have publicly opposed the idea, arguing that NATO membership would deteriorate Finland's relations with Russia.[36] The Left Alliance has been the party most opposed to joining NATO; when they entered into coalition with the SDP in 2019, they made clear that any movement towards entering a military alliance would lead to the Left Alliance leaving the cabinet. However, the party's position changed following the invasion, with chair Li Andersson calling for a thoughtful, society-wide discussion and evaluation of the possibility of applying to join NATO,[37] and later confirming that the party had decided not to resign from the government if an application is submitted.[38] After the invasion and a large change in popular opinion, the leadership of the Center Party and Finns Party also changed position to support NATO membership.[39][40]

NATO opinion

NATO has consistently maintained its "open door policy".[41] Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg expected that the member states would "warmly welcome Finland as a member of NATO".[42] He has said that "Finnish membership would make NATO stronger", identifying the country's military capability and commitment to remaining a democratic society as assets.[43]

Foreign opinion

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See also: Finland–Russia relations
File:Finnish border in Raattentie - panoramio.jpg
The border between Finland and Russia is about 1,340 km (833 mi) long.[44]
File:Nuijamaa border crossing 2017 03 (cropped).jpg
The car traffic on the Finnish side at the Nuijamaa Border Crossing Point in Nuijamaa, Lappeenranta, South Karelia, in September 2017

Finland has received some very critical feedback from Russia for even considering the possibility of joining NATO,[45] with a 2009 study suggesting this could have repercussions for Russia's relations with the EU and NATO as a whole.[46] Following the 2008 Russo-Georgian War, Finnish Prime Minister Matti Vanhanen reiterated that Finland had no plans to join NATO, and stated that the main lesson of the war was the need for closer ties to Russia.[47] In a June 2014 interview in the Finnish newspaper Hufvudstadsbladet, Vladimir Putin's personal envoy Sergey Alexandrovich Markov accused Finland of extreme "Russophobia" and suggested that Finland joining NATO could start World War III.[48] In July 2016, Putin stated on a visit to Finland that Russia would increase the number of troops on the Finnish border if Finland were to join NATO. He also warned that NATO would "fight to the last Finn against Russia".[49][50]

After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and the radical shift in Finnish positions towards membership of NATO, Maria Zakharova and Dmitry Medvedev warned that joining NATO would have consequences for Finland, including the deployment of nuclear weapons;[51] Russian newspaper Izvestia reported that the Finnish lease on the Saimaa canal may be terminated.[52]

According to Hanna Smith (fi), Director of Research at the European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats, the rapidity of Finnish movement towards NATO has surprised Russia. She predicts that Russia will begin a hybrid campaign to influence the Finnish decision process, including cyber attacks, with increasing escalation if Finland moves closer to membership.[53]

Russia has halted providing natural gas to neighbouring Finland, which has angered Moscow by applying for NATO membership, after the Nordic country refused to pay supplier Gazprom in roubles. Russia's leading importer of electricity, RAO Nordic has announced that it has decided to cut electricity supplies to Finland due to payment arrears.

Polling

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Polls asking the Finnish public whether they support or oppose joining NATO have been regularly conducted. This table includes only unconditional questions; other polled topics include support for joining NATO should Sweden also join, and support for joining NATO if the Finnish government officially recommends membership, both of which generally increased public support for joining.[54]

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Polls on Finnish membership of NATO
Dates
conducted		 Pollster Client Sample
size		 Support Oppose Neutral
or DK		 Lead Ref.
Template:Opdrts Kantar TNS Helsingin Sanomat 1003 79% 10% 11% 69% [55]
Template:Opdrts Kantar TNS Helsingin Sanomat 1002 73% 12% 15% 61% [56]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus Yle 1270 76% 12% 11% 64% [57]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence) 1002 68% 15% 17% 53% [58]
Template:Opdrts Kantar TNS Helsingin Sanomat 1062 65% 13% 22% 52% [59]
Template:Opdrts Kantar TNS Helsingin Sanomat 1057 59% 17% 24% 42% [60]
Template:Opdrts Corefiner MTV 1863 68% 12% 20% 56% [61]
Template:Opdrts Kantar TNS Helsingin Sanomat 1080 61% 16% 23% 45% [62]
Template:Opdrts Kantar TNS Helsingin Sanomat 1062 54% 21% 25% 33% [63]
Template:Opdrts Kantar TNS Maaseudun Tulevaisuus 1059 61% 16% 23% 45% [64]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus EVA 2074 60% 19% 21% 41% [65]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus Yle 1378 62% 16% 19% 46% [66]
Template:Opdrts Kantar TNS Helsingin Sanomat 501 48% 27% 26% 21% [67]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus Yle 1382 53% 28% 19% 25% [68]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus MTV News 1005 30% 43% 27% 13% [69]
Template:Opdrts Kantar TNS Helsingin Sanomat 1003 28% 42% 30% 14% [70]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus EVA 2042 26% 40% 33% 14% [71]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence) 1001 24% 51% 24% 27% [72]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus EVA 2019 22% 45% 32% 23% [73]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence) 1169 21% 53% 25% 32% [74]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence) 1011 20% 64% 16% 44% [75]
Template:Opdrts Kantar TNS Helsingin Sanomat 1002 20% 56% 24% 36% [76]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus EVA 2036 22% 47% 32% 25% [77]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence) 1034 20% 59% 21% 39% [78]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus EVA 2073 23% 46% 31% 23% [79]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus Yle News 1005 19% 53% 28% 34% [80]
Template:Opdrts Kantar TNS Helsingin Sanomat  ? 22% 59% 19% 37% [81]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence) 1001 22% 62% 17% 40% [82]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus EVA 2040 25% 46% 29% 21% [83]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence) 1000 25% 61% 14% 36% [84]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus EVA 2040 27% 46% 27% 19% [85]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence) 1005 27% 58% 15% 31% [86]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus EVA 2056 26% 43% 32% 17% [87]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence) 1023 30% 60% 10% 30% [88]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus EVA 2052 18% 51% 30% 33% [89]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence) 1038 21% 70% 10% 49% [90]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus Yle News 1000 29% 52% 18% 23% [91]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus EVA 2023 18% 55% 27% 37% [92]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence) 1017 18% 71% 10% 53% [93]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus EVA 1271 14% 65% 21% 51% [94]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence) 965 20% 70% 10% 50% [95]
21 Jan – 23 Feb 2011 Yhdyskuntatutkimus EVA 1918 19% 50% 30% 31% [96]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence) 1017 25% 68% 7% 43% [97]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence) 981 28% 62% 10% 34% [98]
2 Jan – 4 Feb 2009 Yhdyskuntatutkimus EVA 2346 24% 48% 28% 24% [99]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence) 980 28% 60% 12% 32% [100]
28 Nov 2007 – 23 Jan 2008 Yhdyskuntatutkimus EVA 1187 21% 54% 23% 33% [101]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence) 988 26% 69% 5% 43% [102]
27 Nov 2006 – 19 Jan 2007 Yhdyskuntatutkimus EVA 1923 20% 52% 28% 32% [103]
14 Sep – 18 Oct 2006 TNS Gallup Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence) 1011 26% 65% 10% 39% [104]
29 Nov 2005 – 25 Jan 2006 Yhdyskuntatutkimus EVA 1218 20% 51% 29% 31% [105]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence) 990 28% 63% 9% 35% [106]
24 Nov 2004 – 20 Jan 2005 Yhdyskuntatutkimus EVA 2264 22% 53% 25% 31% [107]
26 Nov 2003 – 16 Jan 2004 Yhdyskuntatutkimus EVA 1310 20% 55% 25% 35% [108]
3 Dec 2002 – 29 Jan 2003 Yhdyskuntatutkimus EVA 2133 18% 56% 26% 38% [109]
21 Nov 2000 – 18 Jan 2001 Yhdyskuntatutkimus EVA 2214 20% 52% 28% 32% [110]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus Verkkouutiset 1013 16% 73% 12% 57% [111]
Template:Opdrts Taloustutkimus Verkkouutiset 1036 32% 48% 10% 16% [112]

Application

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Further information: "Suomen Nato-jäsenhakemus" on the Finnish Wikipedia (in Finnish)
File:Suomen ja Ruotsin suurlähettiläät jättävät kiinnostuksenosoituksensa Natoon liittymisestä - 52082038829.jpg
Finnish and Swedish ambassadors submit their applications to join NATO to Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg
File:Pääministeri Marin Berliinissä 3.5.2022 (52047072578).jpg
Sanna Marin, Olaf Scholz and Magdalena Andersson held talks about potential NATO membership for Finland and Sweden in spring 2022.
File:Fumio Kishida attended the 2022 Madrid Summit (6).jpg
Finnish President Sauli Niinistö attended the 2022 Madrid summit

On 12 May 2022, Finnish president Sauli Niinistö and prime minister Sanna Marin announced in a joint press conference that they were in favour of seeking NATO membership "without delay".[113] On 15 May 2022, Niinistö and Marin announced that the president and Ministerial Committee on Foreign and Security Policy had adopted a report endorsing Finland joining NATO, beginning the formal constitutional process of applying.[114] A Finnish application had been anticipated following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine degrading the European security environment, and a significant shift in Finnish public opinion on the desirability of membership.[115][116]

The government's proposal to join was approved in parliament by 188 votes to 8 on 17 May,[117] The next day, Finland submitted an official application to NATO in Brussels jointly with Sweden; the organisation will consider the applications and then negotiations may begin.[118] Negotiations are expected to take weeks, after which Finland would participate in NATO activities at all levels on a provisional basis during the ratification period.[43] With negotiations concluded and a reconfirmation of the applicant's intent to join, the accession protocol will need ratification by all the existing NATO member states;[119] this is estimated to take between four months and a year.[120] After ratification is completed, the Parliament of Finland must pass an Act to formally bring the accession into force.[119]

During the interval between initiating an application and membership entering into force, Finland would be at risk.[121] Jens Stoltenberg, NATO Secretary General, said that Finland could join the alliance "very quickly" and that there would be some degree of protection for Finland during that period.[42] Non-binding security promises have been received from the United Kingdom[122] and the United States,[123] and the other reports claimed that further promises would be received from the other Nordic countries[124] as well as France and Germany.[125]

Croatia's president Zoran Milanović has stated that his country should block ratification of Finland's accession until electoral reform measures are implemented in neighbouring Bosnia and Herzegovina, though the Foreign Minister has expressed the government's support for any application.[126]

Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan voiced his opposition to Sweden and Finland joining NATO, saying that it would be "impossible" for Turkey to support their application while the two countries allow groups which Turkey classifies as terrorist organizations, including the Kurdish militant groups Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and People's Defense Units (YPG) and the supporters of Fethullah Gülen, a US-based Muslim cleric accused by Turkey of orchestrating a failed 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, to operate on their territory.[114][127][128] (The PKK is on the European Union's list of terrorist organizations.)[129] Turkey has requested the extradition of alleged PKK members from the Nordic countries. In addition, the Turkish government has demanded that the arms embargo imposed by the Swedish and Finnish governments in response to its operations against the YPG in Syria be lifted.[130] Finnish President Niinistö said that he had earlier received favourable response, including from Erdogan and foreign minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, towards Finland's membership;[131] Niinistö and Haavisto urged patience,[114] while Jussi Halla-aho, chair of the Foreign Affairs Committee (fi), suggested that Turkey wished to draw attention to Swedish policies, rather than to Finland's.[132] However, Niinistö stated in June that his country would not move forward with their application without Sweden, and that the two countries would join NATO "hand in hand".[133]

Speaking later, Ibrahim Kalin, spokesman for Erdoğan, said that approving Finnish membership was not being ruled out, but that the status of these groups was "a matter of national security for Turkey" and that negotiation would be required.[134] However, after Ibrahim Kalin's statement, Erdoğan reitarated his threat to block Finland's and Sweden's membership applications.[135] NATO leadership and the United States said they were confident Turkey would not hold up the two countries accession process. Canadian Foreign Minister Mélanie Joly also held talks with Turkey to convince the Turkish government of the need for the two Nordic nations integration.[136] On May 21, Erdoğan and Sauli Niinistö had a phone call to discuss Finland's NATO bid, Niinistö reiterated Finland's condemnation of terrorism in all forms.[137][138][139] Spokesperson İbrahim Kalın, who led the talks on behalf of Turkey, stated after the first meeting in Ankara that the process would not progress until Turkey's expectations were met and they did not feel any time pressure on them.[140] After a delegation consisting of Swedish and Finnish diplomats held talks on the matter with its Turkish counterparts, Erdogan repeated that he would not consent to their accession bid as the same day the talks were held in Ankara, Salih Muslim, who is considered a terrorist by Erdogan, appeared on Swedish television.[141][142] Nationalist Movement Party leader Devlet Bahçeli suggested that a scenario in which Turkey would leave NATO should be considered an option,[143] in which case a new military alliance could be founded.[144] In late May 2022, opposition leader Kemal Kiliçdaroglu argued that in case the accession row persisted and AKP and MHP decided to close the Inçirlik Airbase, the CHP would support this.[144] At the 2022 Madrid summit on 28 June, Niinistö, Swedish Prime Minister Magdalena Andersson, and Erdoğan "agreed a trilateral memorandum to address [Turkey's] legitimate security concerns, paving the way for Finland and Sweden’s NATO membership",[145] and Niinistö announced that Turkey had agreed to support membership of NATO for Finland and Sweden.[146] On 5 July 2022, NATO signed accession protocols for Finland to join the alliance.[147]

Membership timeline

Event Date Reference
Partnership for Peace 9 May 1994 [148]
Application submitted 18 May 2022 [149]
Invitation to join 29 June 2022 [150]
Accession protocol 5 July 2022 [151]
Ratification of protocol See table below
Treaty in force
Full membership

Ratification process

Signatory Date Institution In favour Against AB Deposited[152] Reference
 Albania Parliament
Presidential Assent
 Belgium Chamber of Representatives
Senate
Royal Assent
 Bulgaria National Assembly
Presidential Assent
 Canada 5 July 2022 Government Granted[lower-alpha 1] 5 July 2022 [154]
 Croatia Parliament
Presidential Assent
 Czech Republic Chamber of Deputies
Senate
Presidential Assent
 Denmark 7 June 2022 Folketing 95 0 0 5 July 2022 [155]
 Estonia Riigikogu
Presidential Assent
 France National Assembly
Senate
Presidential Assent
 Germany Bundestag
Bundesrat
Presidential Assent
 Greece Parliament
Presidential Promulgation
 Hungary National Assembly
Presidential Assent
 Iceland Althing
Presidential Assent
 Italy Chamber of Deputies
Senate
Presidential Assent
 Latvia Saeima
Presidential Assent
 Lithuania Seimas
Presidential Assent
 Luxembourg Chamber of Deputies
Grand Ducal Promulgation
 Montenegro Parliament
Presidential Assent
 Netherlands House of Representatives
Senate
Royal Promulgation
 North Macedonia Assembly
Presidential Assent
 Norway Storting
Royal Assent
 Poland Sejm
Senate
Presidential Assent
 Portugal Assembly of the Republic
Presidential Assent
 Romania Chamber of Deputies
Senate
Presidential Assent
 Slovakia National Council
Presidential Assent
 Slovenia National Assembly
Presidential Assent
 Spain Congress of Deputies
Senate
Royal Assent
 Turkey Grand National Assembly
Presidential Assent
 United Kingdom Parliament [lower-alpha 2]
Government
 United States Senate
Presidential Assent
Note
  1. ↑ According to Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Mélanie Joly: "Under the Canadian system the government, the executive branch, has jurisdiction and there's no need to go through Parliament [to secure ratification]".[153]
  2. ↑ In the United Kingdom, there is no requirement for a formal law approving of treaties before their ratification, but the Ponsonby Rule is that they are laid before Parliament with an explanatory memorandum.

Finland's foreign relations with NATO member states

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See also

References

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  8. ↑ MoFA 2022, p. 14.
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  28. ↑ MoFA 2022, p. 10.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ MoFA 2022, p. 27.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  128. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  129. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  130. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  131. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  132. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  133. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  134. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  135. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  136. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  137. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  138. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  139. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  140. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  141. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  142. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  143. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  144. ↑ 144.0 144.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  145. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  146. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  147. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  148. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  149. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  150. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  151. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  152. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  153. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  155. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Bibliography

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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