France in the 1920s

From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Jump to: navigation, search

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

The 'Roaring Twenties' begin in 1920 and end in 1929 with the beginning of the Great Depression.

File:Josephine Baker 4.jpg
Josephine Baker, an emblematic figure of the "Roaring Twenties" in France.

Introduction

In Paris, during the World War I, the population has not lost the art of having fun. They made the party early to mock the enemy and give courage: he was going to take a real pounding that would wash the affront of 1870 and would forget the shame of the Dreyfus for the French army they said. We continued the party then to entertain on leave. Then, when too many horrors had removed the "hairy s" the urge to laugh, the party went to console.

After the war ended, a new generation dream of a new world and proclaim "Never again! ". We hasten to offer him new exhilaration of music. Coming from America with the Allies, jazz made its appearance but also dance, the Radio and sports, industries with the appliances etc., amid very strong economic growth.

The Utopian positivist of the 19th century and progressive creed give way to a individualism unleashed and extravagant. André Gide and Marcel Proust set the tone of this literary trend that exacerbated and increased with movement DADA of which Tristan Tzara published the original 1918 manifesto. The surrealism of André Breton developed in 1924. The Art Nouveau extravagance, hit by the war gave way to valuable sketches of Art Deco.

Montmartre and Montparnasse nuclei of a major cultural and artistic revival

File:LaCloseriedesLilas.jpg
The Closerie des Lilas in 1909.

During the Roaring Twenties, Montparnasse and Montmartre are undoubtedly the places of Paris's most famous and busiest, hosting such prestigious cafes Cupola, Dome, Rotunda and Closerie des Lilas or fairs such as Stein} Rue de Fleurus.

Montmartre, first of all, is one of the major centers of these places of encounter between these intellectuals. The area has a modern touch with the existence of trumpeters like Arthur Briggs which occurred at the Abbey. But the writer American Henry Miller like many other foreign matter, the Vavin - Raspail - Montparnasse is in his own words "the navel of the world". There is also came to write his series of Tropics .

In Paris, it is more precisely the left bank of the Seine, which is primarily concerned with the arts and letters, and all this is confirmed in the 1920. Also evidenced the high concentration of artists who settled in the French capital and occupying cabaret spaces Le Boeuf sur le Toit or Montparnasse large breweries. American writers of the "The Lost", i.e. including Scott Fitzgerald, Henry Miller and Ernest Hemingway, rub shoulders with the exiles who fled the Mediterranean and Balkan dictatorships. Finally, there was the painters who make up what is referred to hereinafter as "the School of Paris" and which include among others Lithuanian Soutine, the Italian Modigliani and Russian Chagall.

The surrealist movement

The forefront surreal occupies during the 1920 to the cultural scene by bringing new forms of expression to the poetry with authors like André Breton, Louis Aragon, Paul Eluard or Robert Desnos but also to painting through artists like Max Ernst, Joan Miró, Salvador Dali, Francis Picabia at sculpture with Arp, Germaine Richier and even the film with Luis Buñuel and his famous work The Andalusian Dog René Clair and Cocteau. Now turned to the unspeakable, the avant-garde movement sees its members adhere to a large majority of them in French Communist Party they share the desire to break with the bourgeoisie.

The entertainment world and outside influences

The Roaring Twenties France is largely influenced by diverse cultural practices from abroad and the war has increased the supply of new crops. One of the greatest influences is the rag that is quickly called 'jazz', which is experiencing a dramatic rise and popularity within the city of Paris. This kind of music was brought by the US Army and has been very successful in 1925 on Champs-Élysées with 'the negro Review led successively by Florence Mills, known as "Flossie Mills" and Josephine Baker. Wearing only a loincloth of bananas, the latter suggestive dance with fury at a Charleston tempo - music then unknown in Europe - the interpretation of a painting called Wild Dance . The scandal quickly gives way to general enthusiasm. Josephine quickly generates excitement Parisians for jazz and black music. The Charleston is danced solo, in pairs or in groups, to the rhythms of jazz. It is based on the movements of the body weight from one leg to the other, feet turned inward and knees slightly bent.

Of all the cabarets in fashion, the most famous is called "Le Boeuf sur le Toit" where we see play Jean Wiener, pianist and composer French. Assistant Parisian world these entertainment is only a tiny part of the French population, i.e. elite. Nevertheless it gives the impulse, creates the event.

The role played by the United States

The American influence on the Paris of the Roaring Twenties is considerable: the Charleston, the shimmy, jazz, cabaret and fulfill the dancing frequented after the war by US and British soldiers but also by a worldly audience in search of all possible innovations. There is therefore the Ox on the roof, but also The Bricktop's in which it innovates by serving whiskey room, new for the time. These trays are open to American rhythms of "Roaring Twenties". As for phonographs, they broadcast mainly jazz played by white Americans, black musicians being more made known in smaller circles in the conflict.

A sudden passion and a taste for the United States, its values, its culture, then characterized the Paris of 1920, magazines and stars of Broadway are purchased at full price and imitated thereafter. But France does not only recover the performances of Overseas because it suits them and even manages to create its own benefits and representations. This is the case for the famous Negro Revue mentioned above which for the first time in Paris in 1925 at Champs-Elysees theater, Josephine Baker, a dancer posing naked and plucked, dancing the Charleston and multiplying provocative gestures, with music by Sydney Bechet. Inspired and influenced by the French Colonial Empire, Josephine Baker rises The Madness day in 1926. It also takes café-concerts of hit songs such as La Petite Tonkinoise of Vincent Scotto. The song J'ai deux amours in 1930 enshrined as a star of Parisian life, full featured, which, like the singers do not just dance but comments the tunes of music and gives the comic.

The new dances

Josephine Baker dancing the Charleston at the Folies-Bergere in Paris - 'Negro Dance Revue (1926).

New rhythms are introduced: the Waltz and mazurka have given way to tango. The smoking and the taste for the "negro music," as it is called at the time, push the differing opinions. Paul Guillaume organizes the Champs-Élysées theater 1919 the 'negro Day'. Six years later, the same theater offers the Parisian 'Revue negro'. Rue Blomet, the 'negro ball' attracts aesthetes and curious. Paris has become over the years 1920 privileged pole of all meetings.

Swedish ballets

The Roaring Twenties were also marked by a renewal of ballet. Thus, it is in 1921 the Swedish Ballet propose The Man and his desire of Paul Claudel with music by Darius Milhaud. They then present The Married to the Eiffel Tower including Jean Cocteau wrote the screenplay. Alas, it does not convince the public. In 1923 is another ballet was born, namely The Creation of the World which Darius Milhaud wrote the music, and Blaise Cendrars scenario. Fernand Léger, who made the costumes, brings out the stage of gigantic animals, birds, insects or totemic gods. The adventure of the Swedish Ballet ends in 1924 with a ballet called Break which involved Erik Satie and Francis Picabia. In the late 1920s is an entire era that is ending, during which the ballets were the occasion of great shows. Do not forget either the importance of trade fairs, those of Princess de Polignac, Madame de Noailles, Count of Beaumont, which were much meeting places and inspiration.

The music hall

This is also the period when the Music Hall permanently replaced café chantant. We go to casino de Paris, the Paris concert and the concert Mayol as will the theater: spectators, attractions and songs are occurring at a rapid pace. Artistic productions are experiencing a meteoric rise. We can give as the best known examples Paris dancing, Cach tone piano, Paris that jazz, My Man and In a wheelchair that gave Maurice Chevalier and Mistinguett an international celebrity. The Little tootsies Valentine go around the world. The American influence, the big show, musicals make the success of the Folies Bergère, the famous "Mad Berge". They indeed inaugurated their cycle with Les Folies raging in 1922.

The operetta

The Operetta also takes a new start on 12 November 1918 with the premiere of Phi-Phi of Henri Christiné and Albert Willemetz. This is a huge success on the bottom of Ancient Greece with many fanciful creations. Indeed, up to a thousand presentations were played in just two years. Another great success is titled In life must not do , the most popular song Dede , created in 1921 to Bouffes-Parisiens again with Maurice Chevalier. Prove talented composers such as Marseille Vincent Scotto but also Maurice Yvain (the composer of 'My Man' ') as well as authors like Sacha Guitry who wrote the libretto of masked Love . In the Olympia at Bobino where the Gaiety Theatre Montparnasse include Marie Dubas and Georgius who inaugurated the Singing Theatre by staging various popular songs. It also has y Damia nicknamed "actress Song" or Yvonne George and his voice of vibrato who gets traditional songs. From 1926, however, the US is competing with the French operetta with titles like 'No, No, Nanette , Rose Mary and Show Boat . The Roaring Twenties are a time stars and varied repertoire operating in various party locations.

Sports

Another form of entertainment in the sports spectacle, has a similar enthusiasm during the Roaring Twenties. Indeed, attendance at sporting venues increases significantly in the years following the war and the Press gives the sporting event a hearing and a growing popularity. The newspapers do play a major role in the promotion of sport through dedicated sports pages notoriety in Tour de France for example. This is also the press that familiarizes the audience with the great names of soccer and Rugby. Moreover, the practice of this sport, limited before the war only to affluent backgrounds, now extends to the masses. The success of the Olympic Games in Paris in 1924 is largely due to the promotion that made the French newspapers. Thus, 3092 athletes from 44 countries participated in this sporting event and no fewer than 625,000 spectators attended.

The birth of a popular culture

File:Joancrawford3.jpg
Women's fashion of the year 1927.

Along with this elite culture that characterizes the Roaring Twenties, there arise at the same time in Paris, a popular culture. Indeed, the First World War has upset many things, even in the field of song. After four years of nostalgic era of "Belle Époque", new artists are emerging in places fashionable. The Music Hall for example, while attracting artists and intellectuals in search of novelty, also gives in the popular media. There certainly has the exotic big fees journals Moulin Rouge but it is necessary to refer to the same period the beginnings of Maurice Chevalier, ultimate illustration of good French mood through one of his songs, Valentine '. There is also the lead dancer Mistinguett, nicknamed La Miss, who gets successful popular tunes like Always on the grind , I'm fed up . All shows, however, does not reduce as the review.

The strong economic growth

The Roaring Twenties were also a period of strong economic growth. New products and services in booming markets boost the economy: radio, automobile, aviation oil, electricity. French production of hydropower increases eightfold during the decade.[1] The cheapest electricity favors industrial companies, which in 1928 represent 3 of the top 5 French cap to the Paris stock exchange, where courses are multiplied by 4, 4 of the decade and 5 of the top 10. The 6th is a young innovative company, which is only fifteen Air Liquide, already has a global stature. The manufacturing production index reached in 1928 the level of 139 for a 100 in 1914,[2] with indeed very strong sectoral disparities: it is only 44 for the index shipbuilding 100 to steel and 422 to the automobile.[3] The French overall index fell to 57 in 1919 and 50 in 1921, but already risen to 104 in 1924. It took 6 years to clear the shortage of energy caused by the reconstruction of the northern mines, that the Germans had drowned during the World War I.

Radio

The Radio played a leading role by becoming a preferred vehicle for the new mass culture. Indeed, it has allowed, through the first 78s, to inform more people, especially among the working classes, the stars of the cabaret and music hall. Thus, the radio quickly propels Mistinguett and Maurice Chevalier to the rank of national and international stars, and they quickly become emblems of lifestyle in Paris.

Cinema

The silent film was powerful and compelling expression of the first three decades of the twentieth century. This visual curiosity, dubbed cinema, which the scientists of the time were predicting little future, and regarded it as a curiosity or a fairground attraction, became the seventh Art. The silent film is considered by some as the carefree innocence of years or 7th Art. The elegant Max Linder, after being discovered by Charles Pathé, reigns on the screens until the early hours of the war.

But in 1914, war broke out on the old continent, and, like many other men, many actors are mobilized. European film production is then almost completely stopped. When the public takes refuge in theaters to try to forget the horrors of the front, he discovers an unlucky character, easily recognizable with his mustache and his bowler hat Charlie, played by Charlie Chaplin (A Dog's Life). In Los Angeles, the film industry is now booming, and, thanks to the sharp decline in production in the old continent, it exports its films in increasing quantities. So it is in 1914 that the seventh American art, previously submitted to the European leadership, will emerge as the most important, and probably the most influential of world cinema. In 1919, the films from the United States account for about 90% of projections in theaters of European cinemas.

Paris, place of literary and artistic encounters

Modigliani, Picasso and André Salmon to Rotunda in Paris in 1916

The city of Paris becomes in the 1920 the capital of s s and meeting place between artists and intellectuals of this time. Thus, Stein to this Picasso, Braque and Matisse works of Hemingway and Scott Fitzgerald. It was in Paris that we published the first edition of the writer Irish James Joyce. It is also in this town that moved Natalie Clifford Barney who inspired the character of Valerie Seymour in The Well of Loneliness of Radclyffe Hall. Many writers from around the world come to stay in Paris. Include Sonia Stern, Elsa Schiaparelli, Wharton, John Rhys. Besides the French like Nathalie Sarraute for example. There was also Scott Fitzgerald, John Dos Passos, Sinclair Lewis coming seek novelty, new inspirations in the capital.

Theatrical revival

The Paris of the 1920s, it is also the theater that is essentially represented by four directors and major players i.e. Louis Jouvet, George Pitoëff, Charles Dullin and Gaston Baty. They decide in 1927 to join efforts in creating the "Cartel of Four". However, they have much less success than Sacha Guitry that overcomes him Variety Theatre. There are also parts of Alfred Savoir, comedies of Édouard Bourdet and those of Marcel Pagnol that meet all some success.

Specifically, the theatrical performance was a great success of audience and an undeniable renewal in the 1920, first at the stage performance. Around the "Cartel" develops a creative effort to bring in staging the concerns and aspirations of the time. The change is also reflected in the choice of themes and atmosphere that emerges from the works presented. But parallel to this, the educated public is interested elites increasingly to authors and works that combine classical in the form and the opposition reality / dream at the theatrical atmosphere. Also, the theater Cocteau, the first pieces of Giraudoux as Siegfried in 1928 and the works of Italian Pirandello are the most famous representatives and are very successful. However, all this is classic in the modes of expression chosen and consistent with the taste of the elite.

Roaring Twenties

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

After the flight of the Stock Exchange during the Roaring Twenties, the 1929 crash to Wall Street announced end of this period of recklessness.[4] Once 1928, the Parisian theater La Cigale farm; in 1929, Olympia and Moulin Rouge suffer the same fate then it was the turn of the theater Eldorado, which was destroyed in 1932. Although production was intended for a wide audience, we note that attendance music halls and other dance halls gradually reduced to the workers and employees of cities. Their world of the song, it is primarily that of the street, the javas and tangos of dances, weddings and banquets and not the Parisian high society. In parallel to this culture of elites is affirmed at the same time in Paris, a popular culture that is increasingly successful and came to dominate in the late 1920s and early 1930s through artists such as Maurice Chevalier or the leader of Mistinguett journals.

The "Roaring Twenties" are characterized both by the desire for inner peace and a society that wants to make the most of life as she can still coming years is uncertain. It is this company that is looking forward to a return of peace and discovers at the same time the benefits of consumption in an effort to eventually extend this maximum internal stability.

References

  1. "The war economy and its consequences (1914-1929)" by Belisaire
  2. Basic "History of twentieth century: 1st and agricultural terminal" by Florence Cattiau Maryse Chabrillat, Annie Constantine, Christian Peltier, Gwen Lepage, in Educagri Press, 2001
  3. (Marseille 2001, p. 438)
  4. In fact, the crisis will reach Europe that really 1931 and will continue during the 1930

Further reading

  • Berstein, Serge and Milza, Pierre, History of France twentieth century, Brussels, Complex, 1995
  • Berstein, Serge and Milza, Pierre, History of contemporary Europe, The twentieth century: from 1919 to the present day, Paris Initial Hatier, repr. 2002
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Abbad, Fabrizio, France 1920 ', Paris, Armand Colin, coll. Curriculum, 1993
  • Becker, Jean-Jacques and Berstein, Serge, New History of Contemporary France: 12.Victoire and frustrations, 1914-1929 , Paris, Seuil, coll. Points; History, 1990
  • Philippe Gilbert and Bernert Guilleminault, The Princes of the Roaring Twenties', Paris, Plon, 1970
  • Deslandres and Yvonne Müller, Florence, History of Fashion at twentieth century ', Paris, Éditions Sogomy Art, 1986
  • The Roaring Twenties', under the direction of Gilbert Guilleminault, Paris, Denoël, 1956
  • Jacqueline Herald, Fashions of a decade: the 1920s, London, BT Betsford Ltd 1991
  • Jean-Jacques Leveque, 'The Roaring Twenties. 1918-1939 ', Paris, ACR, 1992
  • Tartakowski, Danielle and Willard, Claude, 'Tomorrows that change? The France of the Roaring Twenties and the Popular Front ', Paris, Messidor 1986
  • Daniel Gallagher, D'Ernest Hemingway Henry Miller: Myths and Realities of American writers in Paris (1919 - 1939), L'Harmattan, 2011
  • Fabrice Virgili and Danielle Voldman, La Garçonne and Assassin. History of Louise and Paul, deserter transvestite, in the Paris of the Roaring Twenties', Paris, Payot, 2011 (ISBN 9782228906500).

Culture

Template:Refbegin!2

  • Paul Dietschy and Patrick Clastres, 'Sport, Society and Culture in France nineteenth century to today,' 'Paris, Hachette, coll. Square history, 2006
  • Rent, Emmanuelle and Goetschel, Pascale, 'Cultural History of France; Belle Epoque to today, Paris, Armand Colin, coll. Curriculum, 2001
  • Jean-Paul Bouillon, Journal of Art Deco, Geneva Skira, 1988
Painting
  • Henri Behar and Michael Carassou, 'Dada. Story of a subversion ', Paris, Fayard, 1990
  • Marc Dachy, Journal of the Dada movement 1915-1923 , Geneva, Skira, 1989
  • Matthew Gale, 'Dada & Surrealism,' London, Phaidon Press, 1997
Literature
  • Michel Collomb, 'Literature Art Deco. The vintage style , Paris, Meridians Klincksieck 1987
Music
  • Richard Hadlock, Jazz masters of the twenties', New York, Macmillan, 1965
Spectacle
  • Henry Louis Gates Jr. & Karen CC Dalton, Josephine Baker and The Negro Review. Black Tumult of lithographs by Paul Colin, Paris, 1927, translated from the English by Delphine Negro, Paris, Editions de La Martinière, 1998
Women
A model of swimsuit of 1920.

Desanti, Dominica, The Woman in the days of the Roaring Twenties', Paris, Stock-Laurence Pernoud, 1984

Fashion
  • Christine Bard, The Garçonnes. Methods and fantasies of the Roaring Twenties', Paris, Flammarion, 1998
Places
  • Planche, Jean-Luc, Moulin Rouge! , Paris, Albin Michel, 2009
  • Planiol, Francoise, La Coupole: 60 years of Montparnasse ', Paris, DENOËL 1986
Tools
  • Delporte, Christian, Mollier, Jean-Yves and Sirinelli, Jean-François 'cultural history of Dictionary of Contemporary France', Paris, PUF collection Quadriga Pocket Dictionaries, 2010