Francis Darwin

Sir Francis Darwin
Born	16 August 1848 Down House, Downe, Kent
Died	19 September 1925 (aged 77) Cambridge
Nationality	British
Fields	Botany
Known for	Phototropism
Influences	Charles Darwin

Sir Francis "Frank" Darwin, FLS FRS , (16 August 1848 – 19 September 1925), a son of the British naturalist and scientist Charles Darwin, followed his father into botany.

Biography

Francis Darwin in 1910

Francis Darwin was born in Down House, Downe, Kent in 1848. He was the third son and seventh child of Charles Darwin and his wife Emma.

Darwin went to Trinity College, Cambridge, first studying mathematics, then changing to natural sciences, graduating in 1870. He then went to study medicine at St George's Medical School, London, earning an MB in 1875, but did not practice medicine.

Darwin was married three times and widowed twice. First he married Amy Richenda Ruck in 1874, but she died in 1876 four days after the birth of their son Bernard Darwin, who was later to become a golf writer. In September 1883 he married Ellen Wordsworth Crofts (1856 - 1903) and they had a daughter Frances Crofts Darwin (1886–1960), a poet who married the poet Francis Cornford and became known under her married name. His third wife was Florence Henrietta Fisher, daughter of Herbert William Fisher and widow of Frederic William Maitland, whom he married in 1913, the year in which he was knighted. Her sister Adeline Fisher was the first wife of Darwin's second cousin once removed Ralph Vaughan Williams.

Francis Darwin worked with his father on experiments dealing with plant movements, specifically phototropism and they co-authored The Power of Movement in Plants (1880). Their experiments showed that the coleoptile of a young grass seedling directs its growth toward the light by comparing the responses of seedlings with covered and uncovered coleoptiles. These observations would later lead to the discovery of auxin.

Darwin was nominated by his father to the Linnean Society of London in 1875, and was elected as a Fellow of the Society on 2 December 1875. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 8 June 1882, the same year in which his father died. Darwin edited The Autobiography of Charles Darwin (1887), and produced some books of letters from the correspondence of Charles Darwin; The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin (1887) and More Letters of Charles Darwin (1905). He also edited Thomas Huxley's On the Reception of the Origin of Species (1887).

He is buried at in Cambridge, where he is interred in the same grave as his daughter Frances Cornford.

His first wife, Amy, was buried in Holy Trinity Church, Corris, North Wales. According to a letter written by Charles Darwin to his close friend, Joseph Dalton Hooker: " I never saw anyone suffer so much as poor Frank. He has gone to N. Wales to bury the body in a little church-yard amongst the mountains".

His second wife, Ellen Wordsworth Darwin, née Crofts, a Fellow and lecturer at Newnham College is buried in St. Andrew's Church's churchyard, Girton; she was a member of the Ladies Dining Society in Cambridge, with 11 other members.

His third wife Lady Florence Henrietta Darwin, previously the widow of Frederic William Maitland, née Fisher, is interred in the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground, Cambridge, opposite the grave of Sir Francis Darwin and his daughter Frances Cornford.

See also

• Dorothea Pertz with whom he coauthored five papers.

Further reading

• Ayres, Peter. "The Aliveness of Plants: The Darwins at the Dawn of Plant Science" London: PIckering & Chatto, 2008. ISBN 978-1-85196-970-8
• Darwin, Francis Sacheverell. (1927). Travels in Spain and the East, 1808-1810. Cambridge University press (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00431-2)

External links

• Works by Francis Darwin at Project Gutenberg
• Works by Francis Darwin at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Archival material relating to Francis Darwin listed at the UK National Archives
• Francis Darwin at Find a Grave
  • Amy Rushenda Darwin, née Ruck at Find a Grave for his first wife.
  • Ellen Wordsworth Darwin, née Crofts at Find a Grave for his second wife.
  • Lady Florence Henrietta Darwin, née Fisher at Find a Grave for his third wife.