Franz Kurowski

From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Jump to: navigation, search
Franz Kurowski
Born (1923-11-17)November 17, 1923
Hombruch, Germany
Died Script error: The function "death_date_and_age" does not exist.
Dortmund, Germany
Language German
Nationality German
Genre World War II history
Der Landser work by Franz Kurowski. His narratives in this series appeared under his own name and under pseudonyms Karl Kollatz and Karl Alman.

Franz Kurowski (born November 17, 1923 in Hombruch; died 28 May 2011. Dortmund, Germany) was a German author of fiction and non-fiction, who specialised in World War II topics. His first publications appeared in the Nazi era; from 1958 until his death he worked as a freelance writer. According to the German National Library, he wrote 400 books for children and adults, under his own name and various pseudonyms. Kurowski wrote, among other things, for the weekly pulp war stories series Der Landser.

Kurowski produced numerous accounts featuring the Wehrmacht and the Waffen-SS, providing laudatory and non-peer reviewed wartime chronicles of military units and highly decorated soldiers. Historians are dismissive of his works, pointing out that Kurowski's journalistic writing style leads to embellishments and half-truths. Mixing fact and fiction, his accounts focus on hero-making rather than on an authentic representation of the war experience. His works thereby resulting in a distorted image of the German military man of the World War II era.

His books have a variety of revisionist tendencies; he held onto Third Reich propaganda's military and civilian statistics and presented history devoid of any war crimes by the Wehrmacht or Waffen-SS. A number of his books have been published by far-right publishing houses such as: the Druffel Verlag (de), the Türmer Verlag (de), the Arndt Verlag (de), the VDM Heinz Nickel (de), the Pour le Mérite Verlag (de), and by the Verlag Siegfried Bublies (de), leading to his writings being described as "journalism of gray and brown zone".

Life and education

Kurowski grew up in Dortmund and, after primary school, learned the trade of a turner. From 1942 he served as a soldier in World War II in southeast Europe and North Africa, where he completed his training as a radio operator, a parachutist, and interpreter of Modern Greek. In 1942 he was awarded the Storyteller Prize for his work in the Wacht im Südosten (Southeast Watch).[1] These were propaganda publications (100 or so pamphlets) issued by the Propagandakompanie (de), the propaganda wing of the Wehrmacht and the Waffen-SS.[2]

After 1945, he returned to civilian occupation and worked as a foreman and supervisor in a machinery factory. In 1958 he started working as a freelance writer; from 1968 to 1978 he was the editor of Die Oase (Oasis), a periodical of Deutsches Afrika-Korps e.V, the German Afrika Korps veterans' association.[1] From 1989 to 1996, Kurowski was editor-in-chief of the far-right publication Nation Europa, then named Deutsche Monatshefte.[1]

Works and criticism

Work for Der Landser

Kurowski wrote for the weekly pulp series Der Landser (a colloquial term for a German army soldier, used during World War II), showing a "penchant for embellishment".[3] Since its founding, the magazine was criticized for glorifying war and delivering a distorted image of the Wehrmacht and Nazi Germany during World War II. The content of his novels and semi-fictional accounts was accurate regarding minor technical details, but their descriptions were often not authentic and withheld important contextual information from the reader. Antisemitism, German war crimes, the repressive nature of the German government, and the causes of the war were not mentioned.[4] Germany's leading news magazine Der Spiegel once described Der Landser as the: "expert journal for the whitewashing of the Wehrmacht".[5]

Portrayal of Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS

Historians Ronald Smelser and Edward J. Davies, in their 2008 work The Myth of the Eastern Front: The Nazi-Soviet War in American Popular Culture, characterise Kurowski as one of the principal Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS "gurus" or authors: "popular among the readers who romanticize the German army".[6] According to Smelser and Davie, these authors include: Richard Landwehr, an "extreme admirer [writing from] the fringes of the far-right";[7] "neo-Nazi neo-pagan" author Patrick Agte,[8] closely associated with the Waffen-SS lobby group HIAG; and Trevor James Constable, who co-authored the "insidiously titled" book and a "hallmark of romanticisation" The Blond Knight of Germany about Luftwaffe ace Erich Hartmann.[9] The Myth of the Eastern Front further describes "gurus" as the authors who: "have picked up and disseminated the myths of the Wehrmacht in a wide variety of popular publications that romanticize the German struggle in Russia".[6]

Aces series

File:Panzer Aces by Franz Kurowski.jpg
1992 edition of Panzer Aces published by J.J. Fedorowicz. According to Smelser and Davies, the cover art "evokes heroism, determination and might of the German soldier and his weapons".[10]

Kurowski's works were published in Germany since 1958, but remained inaccessible to English-speaking audiences. J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing, whom Smelser and Davies describe as a leading publisher of war-romancing literature, issued Kurowski's two popular works, Panzer Aces and Infantry Aces in the U.S. in 1992 and 1994.[11] In their analysis of the series, which also included Panzer Aces II and Luftwaffe Aces, Smelser and Davies write: "Kurowski gives the readers an almost heroic version of the German soldier, guiltless of any war crimes, actually incapable of such behavior. [...] Sacrifice and humility are his hallmarks. Their actions win them medals, badges and promotions, yet they remain indifferent to these awards." The cover art "evokes heroism, determination and might of the German soldier and his weapons".[10]

Kurowski's books cover popular Waffen-SS personalities such as Kurt "Panzermeyer" Meyer, Jochen Peiper, Paul Hausser, and Rudolf von Ribbentrop, the son of Reich Foreign Minister, Joachim von Ribbentrop, among others.[12] Panzer Aces focuses on the combat careers of the German "panzer aces" (successful tankers, in Kurowski's terminology), including famous German "panzer ace" and "the hero of all Nazi fanboys",[13] Michael Wittmann. The book also describes the actions of another "ace", Franz Bäke, in the Cherkassy Pocket.[14] In Kurowski's retelling, after fighting unit after unit of the Red Army, Bäke is able to establish a corridor to the trapped German forces, while "wiping out" the attacking Soviets. In another of Kurowski's accounts, while attempting to relieve the 6th Army encircled in Stalingrad, Bäke destroys thirty-two enemy tanks in a single engagement.[14] The narratives in Panzer Aces do not include bibliographies or cite sources; the account of Ribbentrop is presented in the first person.[15]

During World War II the concept of "panzer aces" received little attention. To the extent that the concept existed, it was mainly advanced by the Waffen-SS as part of its contributions to Nazi Germany's propaganda campaigns. Most Wehrmacht units did not recognise "panzer aces", with soldiers generally receiving awards for mission performance rather than tank kills.[16] Certain historians are skeptical of this concept. German historian Sönke Neitzel calls Michael Wittmann a "supposedly successful tank commander" and points out that the numbers attributed to highly decorated soldiers should be read with caution as it was rarely possible to determine reliably in the heat of the battle how many tanks were destroyed and by whom.[17] The American military historian Steven Zaloga uses the term "tank ace" in quotation marks in his 2015 work Armored Champion: The Top Tanks of World War II, concluding that: "most of the 'tank aces' of World War II were simply lucky enough to have an invulnerable tank with a powerful gun".[18]

Highly-decorated soldiers

Kurowski produced numerous books featuring individual, highly decorated soldiers of the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS, including Luftwaffe aces and U-boat commanders of Kriegsmarine, Nazi Germany's navy. His works include books about fighter aces Hans-Joachim Marseille (under the title German Fighter Ace Hans-Joachim Marseille: The Life Story of the Star of Africa),[19] Otto Kittel, Heinrich Bär, Wilhelm Batz, Rudolf Witzig, and Joachim Müncheberg, along with the "panzer ace" Kurt Knispel. Many of these were reprinted in the 1990–2000s by the German publisher Flechsig Verlag.[20]

Kurowski wrote extensively about successful U-boat commanders, "U-boat aces" in his terminology, including Helmut Witte, Georg Lassen, Johann Mohr, and Heinrich Lehmann-Willenbrock.[20] Under the pen name Karl Alman he wrote a "hagiography" of Wolfgang Lüth, "the most successful U-boat commandant of the Second World War" (according to the subtitle), and many more.[21]

In addition to works on individual military men, Kurowski wrote compilations such as Ritter der sieben Meere: Ritterkreuzträger der U-Boot-Waffe (Knights of the Seven Seas: Knight's Cross Winners of the U-boat Arm), published in 1975.[22] The book was published in the U.S. as Knight's Cross Holders of the U-Boat Service by Schiffer Publishing.[23] U.S. based editions also included: Luftwaffe Aces published by J.J. Fedorowicz and Panzergrenadier Aces: German Mechanized Infantrymen in World War II, Jump Into hell: German Paratroopers in World War II, and The Brandenburger Commandos: Germany's Elite Warrior Spies in World War II, published by Stackpole Books in the 2010s.[19]

U-boat war

File:Der Landser U-boat war by Franz Kurowski.jpg
Part of the Der Landser series, Kurowski's "Landser-pulp" book Hunt for "Gray Wolves",[24] features pictures of sinking ships and U-boat militaria.

Kurowski, under his own name and as Karl Alman, wrote numerous accounts of Nazi Germany's U-boat warfare, starting with the 1965 book Angriff, ran, versenken; Die U-Bootschlacht im Atlantik (Attack, At 'em, Sink: The U-boat Battle of the Atlantic).[25] He followed up with the 1967 Graue Wölfe in blauer See. Der Einsatz der deutschen U-Boote im Mittelmeer (Gray Wolves in Blue Sea: Deployment of the German U-boats in the Mediterranean); according to the preface to this semi-fictional account, the book described the war "as it actually happened".[25]

The German scholar Hans Wagener classifies Kurowski's 1981 book Günther Prien, der Wolf und sein Admiral (Günther Prien, the Wolf and his Admiral), published by extreme right-wing publisher Druffel Verlag (de), as an: "almost perfect example of a skillful distillation of the Nazi understanding of the Second World War".[26] The Canadian historian Michael Hadley comments on Kurowski's goals for the narrative:[25]

Here he wished to commemorate the "meritorious soldier and human being Günther Prien [who is] forgotten neither by the old submariners nor" —and this would have startled most observers in Germany today [in 1995] —"by the young submariners of the [present day] Federal German Navy".

In a work that examines the role of Landser-pulp ("soldier-pulp") literature in the East German neo-Nazi movement, Dirk Wilking, head of the Mobile Advisory Team for the pro-democracy Brandenburg Institute for Community Consultation, uses Kurowski's 1982 volume Jagd auf "graue Wölfe" – 1943 (Hunt for 'Gray Wolves' - 1943) to describe the ideological content of Landser-pulp: "war is described as consisting of random coincidences and as a fateful interplay; no questions of guilt or consequences are raised. The concepts of war are described in the terms of Nazi wartime propaganda, such as 'drama', 'tragedy' and 'fate' (direct quotes from Gray Wolves). This not only has a war-trivialising effect, but also shows war as a desirable state". The "divine principle of war as a duty" and a "natural event" is a hallmark of the Landser-pulp works, Wilking concludes.[24]

In 1957, military historian Jürgen Rohwer began a critical examination of the data published on the sunken tonnage claimed by Nazi U-boat commanders. Afterwards, Kurowski was among the authors who held on to the details of the Nazi propaganda regardless of Rohwer's research results.[27]

Historical revisionism

World War II series

So war der Zweite Weltkrieg (And thus was the Second World War) is a seven-volume history of World War II. The project was launched in 1989 by the Verlagsgesellschaft Berg (de), one of the largest right-wing publishing groups, which also includes the right-wing publishing houses Druffel-Verlag, Türmer Verlag (de) and Vowinckel Verlag (de). The series was edited by right-wing publisher and journalist Gert Sudholt (de), who, at that time, was the chairman of Society for Free Journalism (de), the largest constitutionally protected right-wing association in West Germany. For the series, Kurowski was listed as editorial staff. The series' seven volumes were reissued by Flechsig Verlag in the 2000s under Kurowski's name.[20]

In the foreword to the 1994 book Rechtsextremismus in Deutschland (Right-wing Extremism in Germany) by Wolfgang Benz, the historian and journalist Hans Sarkowicz (de) described the book project as an example of the "nationalist battle painting" in the "journalism of gray and brown zone."[28]

Bombing of Dresden

Kurowski wrote several books that discuss the February 1945 Allied air raids on Dresden. His book Das Massaker von Dresden und der anglo-amerikanische Bombenterror 1944/45 (The Massacre of Dresden and the Anglo-American Terror Bombing in 1944-45) was published by the extreme right-wing publisher Druffel Verlag in 1996. His other books on the subject followed in 2001, Bomben über Dresden (Bombs Over Dresden), and in 2003, Dresden.

In the context of the World War II bombing campaigns, Kurowski's interpretation of the air war and the Dresden raid hued closely to the account offered by Hans Rumpf, the German fire protection inspector during World War II and later an author. Both Rumpf and Kurowski used the term "terror-bombing" exclusively to describe Allied air attacks, and presented the Luftwaffe raids against purely civilian targets as "retaliation attacks". In his writings, Kurowski emphasised that the Allied propaganda "hugely exaggerated" the effects of these raids.[29]

File:Der Luftkrieg über Deutschland by Franz Kurowski.jpg
The revisionist book The Air War over Germany. According to Benda-Beckmann, Kurowski was influenced by British Holocaust denier David Irving, which was reflected in his books on the air war and the bombing of Dresden.[30]

The Dutch historian Bastiaan Robert von Benda-Beckmann, author of the 2010 book A German Catastrophe?: German Historians and the Allied Bombings, 1945–2010, includes Kurowski in his discussion of the German historiography of the Allied bombing campaign. He classifies Kurowski as belonging to the group of German authors who were "inspired" by British Holocaust denier David Irving.[30] Similar to Irving, these authors were growing "more radical and determined in their beliefs"; they condemned the Allies as "brutal mass murderers".[30]

Benda-Beckmann refers to Kurowski's 1977 Der Luftkrieg über Deutschland (The Air War Over Germany) and The Massacre of Dresden and the Anglo-American Terror-bombing 1944-1945. He discusses Kurowski's challenging the "narrative of German guilt" and cites his work: "German historians were subjected to a position to silence them and to write on the everlasting German guilt for everything".[31] Kurowski was among the German authors who cited British major general J. F. C. Fuller's theory that the air raid on Dresden was a planned programme of genocide. Fuller, retired since 1933, was a supporter of Oswald Mosley, founder of the British Union of Fascists.[32]

Kurowski's books use the long refuted numbers and statements, some of which date back to declarations from the Reich Propaganda Ministry. The 2001 Bombs over Dresden included sixteen pages of supposed eyewitness reports (long since identified as invented) of low-flying aircraft hunting civilians, as German authors Lars-Broder Keil and Sven Felix Kellerhoff point out in their book Deutsche Legenden (German Legends). Keil and Kellerhoff also criticise his inclusion of a number of 60,000 victims that was allegedly provided by the Federal Statistical Office of Germany. Such official calculations, as described by Kurowski, did not exist.[33]

Kurowski started with a higher claimed number of casualties. In a 2005 article in the German periodical Die Welt, Kellerhoff referred to Kurowski's claims of 275,000 dead, allegedly from the Red Cross. Kellerhoff included Kurowski in the list of authors who provided the highly exaggerated numbers, such as British major general J. F. C. Fuller, with a half a million dead, and the German right-wing extremist and Holocaust denier Manfred Roeder who put forth the number of 480,000 dead. Kurowski's Bombs over Dresden reproduced the numbers of 200,000 dead, first released by the Propaganda Ministry on 25 February 1945; the official (undisclosed) German estimate at the time was 20,204 dead. This latter number became public in 1977, and the widespread exaggerations have long been refuted.[34]

Battle of Stalingrad

According to Insa Eschebach, director of the Ravensbrück National MemorialKurowski's 1992 book Stalingrad. Die Schlacht, die Hitlers Mythos zerstört (Stalingrad: The battle that Destroyed Hitler's Myth) serves: "primarily to rehabilitate the decent, powerful German soldiers". The term "war criminals" appears only in quotation marks; "brilliant successes of the Wehrmacht" is the key theme, along with the discussion of the "victimhood" and "downfall of German soldiers". Stalingrad is considered by Kurowski as the "Golgotha of the 6th Army" without mentioning that this religious metaphor comes from the 1953 book Stalingrad – bis zur letzten Patrone (Stalingrad: To the Last Round) by a former member of a propaganda company, Heinz Schröter: "[...] When it comes to Stalingrad as Golgotha of the 6th army, it begs the question: 'Why was a German army even there'"?[35]

Authenticity and accuracy

Kurowski's works strive to provide an experience of the war "as it happened", but his writing style often leads to embellishments and half-truths. Kurowski frequently mixes fact and fiction in his accounts, providing a distorted image of the German military man and advancing the post-war concept of Nur-Soldat ("merely soldier").[36][10] The Canadian historian Michael Hadley in his 1995 book Count Not the Dead: The Popular Image of the German Submarine pans Kurowski's works (under the pseudonym of Karl Alman) as "hackwork" and "pulp-trade yarn".[37] He describes Kurowski as a "pulp-novelist" and a "hack-writer" focused on "hero-making".[38]

Hadley writes that Kurowski heavily relies on already published materials, such as in his work Knights of the Seven Seas. Subtitled Chronicle of Sacrifice, the book recycles U-boat mythology, such as "27,082 dead who bravely faced the opponent" (an allusion to the "senseless sacrifice" of the men of the U-boat arm by the German high command). Hadley notes that "much of the data is correct: names, places, ships sunk and medals won", but the accounts are "a mix of facts and fancy" that hue closely to Nazi-era hagiographic accounts about German U-boat commanders.[22]

In their discussion on the romanticisation of the Wehrmacht and the Waffen-SS, Smelser and Davies point out the gurus' (including Kurowski's) extensive knowledge of militaria details, as these authors: "insist on authenticity in their writings [and] combine a painfully accurate knowledge of the details (...), ranging from vehicles to uniforms to medals, with a romantic heroicisation of the German army fighting to save Europe from a rapacious Communism".[12]

Smelser and Davies describe Kurowski's version of the war on the Eastern Front as "well-nigh chivalrous", with German troops "showing concerns for the Russian wounded, despite the many atrocities" of the Soviets against the Germans.[12] In one of Kurowski's accounts, Michael Wittmann takes out eighteen tanks in a single engagement, for which Sepp Dietrich, the commanding officer, presents him with an Iron Cross and inquires whether Wittmann has a request. Without hesitation, Wittmann requests assistance for a wounded Russian soldier that he has spotted. Many similar acts of "humanity" are present in the books, amounting to an image of the German fighting men "without flaws or character defects". Smelser and Davies conclude: "Kurowski's accounts are "laudatory texts that cast the German soldier in an extraordinarily favorable light".[39]

In an article commemorating the 60th anniversary of the Dresden bombing, the German newspaper Berliner Zeitung summed up Kurowski's career as an author of "cookie-cutter" books about "Final Battles for the Reich", "Eagle Calls from Führer Headquarters" and "Assault Guns in Action".[40] The paper interviewed two Dresden booksellers who refuse to carry Kurowski's 1996 Massacre of Dresden, quoting one of them: "It's right-wing nonsense. The book mentions 200,000 dead but does not provide a source. There's no bibliography at all".[40]

Selected pen names

Kurowski published many of his books under pseudonyms, depending on the topic. By his own admission, he used his given name, Kurowski, for "more serious work", and typically reserved his pseudonyms for works of fiction.[25] His pen names included:

  • Karl Alman[1]
    • Panzer vor: Die dramatische Geschichte der deutschen Panzerwaffe und ihre tapferen Soldaten (Panzer: The Dramatic Story of the German Armored Forces and their Brave Soldiers) Flechsig, 2006 (unaltered reprint of the 1966 edition).
    • Wolfgang Lüth. Der erfolgreiche U-Boot-Kommandant des Zweiten Weltkriegs (Wolfgang Lüth: The Most Successful Submarine Commander of World War II)
  • Heinrich H. Bernig[1]
    • Schlacht der Giganten. Opfergang der Panzermänn (Battle of the Giants: Sacrifice of Panzer-man) Pour le Mérite Verlag (de). Publishes revisionist, xenophobic and pseudoscientific works, including materials from the Nazi era. Reissued in 2006 by Landwehr.
    • SS-Kavallerie im Osten. Vom 1. SS-Totenkopf-Reiterregiment zur SS-Reiterbrigade Fegelein (SS Cavalry in the East: SS Death Head Regiment of Equestrian Brigade Fegelein). Far-right publisher Arndt Verlag (de).
  • Karl Kollatz[3]
  • Rüdiger Greif[1]
  • Franz K. Kaufmann[1]
    • Malta muss fallen : Eine histor. Erzählung (Malta Must Fall: A Historical Narrative). Engelbert-Verlag, 1960.
    • Aufstand in Hellas ("Uprising in Hellas"). Engelbert, 1960.
  • Volkmar Kühn[1]
    • Mit Rommel in der Wüste. Kampf und Untergang des Deutschen Afrika-Korps 1941–1943 (With Rommel in the Desert: Struggle and Downfall of the German Africa Corps 1941–1943). Flechsig.
    • Torpedoboote und Zerstörer im Einsatz 1939–1945. Kampf und Untergang einer Waffe (Torpedo Boats and Destroyers in Action 1939–1945: Struggle and Downfall). Motorbuch-Verlag (1974)
    • Deutsche Fallschirmjäger im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Grüne Teufel im Sprungeinsatz und Erdkampf 1939–1945 (German Paratroopers in World War II: Green Hell in Parachute Drop and Ground Fighting) . Flechsig, 2006.
    • Tiger: die Geschichte einer legendären Waffe 1942–1945 (Tiger: The Story of a Legendary Weapon) Motorbuch Verlag, 1976. Transportation and militaria publisher.
  • Johanna Schulz[1]
    • Vier fahren nach Griechenland (Four Go to Greece).
    • Fahrt ins Verderben: Einsatz d. Ein-Mann-Torpedos (Ride to Destruction: Use of One-man Torpedoes). Zimmermann (1960).
  • Heinrich Schulze-Dirschau[1]
    • Oder-Neisse: muss Deutschland verzichten? (Oder-Neisse: Will Germany be Without It?). Verlagsgesellschaft Berg (de), with Türmer Verlag (de), 1991. Far-right publisher.
    • Der deutsche Osten: vom Ordensland Preussen zum Kernstaat des deutschen Reiches (The German East: Order Region as Core State of the German Empire). Türmer-Verlag, 1989. Far-right publisher.

See also

References

Citations

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Autorenlexikon 2002.
  2. ↑ bundesarchiv 2016.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Edwards 2015, p. 510.
  4. ↑ Torben Fischer, Matthias N. Lorenz: Lexikon der "Vergangenheitsbewältigung" in Deutschland: Debatten- und Diskursgeschichte des Nationalsozialismus nach 1945. transcript Verlag 2007, ISBN 978-3-89942-773-8, p. 116 (online copy, p. 116, at Google Books) (German)
  5. ↑ Kampferprobte Verbände. In DER SPIEGEL 32/1998 3 August 1998, p. 28
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Smelser & Davies 2008, p. 5.
  7. ↑ MacKenzie 1997, p. 139.
  8. ↑ Raudvere, Stala & Willert 2012, p. 112.
  9. ↑ Smelser & Davies 2008, pp. 170–173.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Smelser & Davies 2008, pp. 173–176.
  11. ↑ Smelser & Davies 2008, p. 206.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Smelser & Davies 2008, pp. 173–178.
  13. ↑ Zaloga 2015, p. 3.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Smelser & Davies 2008, p. 178.
  15. ↑ Worldcat-Stackpole 2016.
  16. ↑ Zaloga 2008, p. 38.
  17. ↑ Neitzel 2002, p. 413.
  18. ↑ Zaloga 2015, pp. 3-4.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Worldcat–Stackpole 2016.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Worldcat–Flechsig 2016.
  21. ↑ Hadley 1995, pp. 169–170.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Hadley 1995, p. 137.
  23. ↑ Worldcat–Schiffer 2016.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Wilking 2004, p. 79.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Hadley 1995, p. 129.
  26. ↑ Wagener 1997, p. 664.
  27. ↑ Bodo Herzog: Ritterkreuz und U-Boot-Waffe. p. 260 with reference to Kurowski's Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes der U-Bootwaffe 1939–1945. Podzun-Pallas, Friedberg/Hessen 1987, ISBN 3-7909-0321-3.
  28. ↑ Hans Sarkowicz: Publizistik der Grau- und Braunzone. In: Wolfgang Benz Hrsg.: Rechtsextremismus in Deutschland, Fischer Verlag Frankfurt am Main 1994, S. 78.
  29. ↑ Benda-Beckmann 2010, pp. 59-60.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Benda-Beckmann 2010, p. 173.
  31. ↑ Benda-Beckmann 2010, p. 206.
  32. ↑ Benda-Beckmann 2010, p. 91.
  33. ↑ Keil & Kellerhoff 2002.
  34. ↑ Die Welt 2005.
  35. ↑ Insa Eschebach: Mythos. Opfer. Symbol. Eine Nachlese zur Jubileumsliteratur "50 Jahre Stalingrad". In: WerkstattGeschichte. 7, Hamburg 1994, pp. 87–91.
  36. ↑ Hadley 1995, pp. 137, 170.
  37. ↑ Hadley 1995, pp. 129, 137.
  38. ↑ Hadley 1995, pp. 129,137.
  39. ↑ Smelser & Davies 2008, pp. 173–178, 251.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Berliner Zeitung 2005.

Bibliography

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

Retrieved from "https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kurowski&oldid=722935842"