Frederick VIII, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein

Frederick VIII
Duke of Schleswig-Holstein
200px
Duke of Schleswig-Holstein
Predecessor	Frederick VII
Successor	Ernst Gunther
Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
Predecessor	Christian August II
Successor	Ernst Gunther
Born	(1829-07-06)6 July 1829 Augustenborg, Denmark
Died	Wiesbaden, Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, German Empire
Spouse	Princess Adelheid of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
Issue	Prince Frederick Augusta Viktoria, German Empress Karoline Mathilde, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein Prince Gerhard Ernst Gunther Louise Sophie, Princess Friedrich Leopold of Prussia Princess Feodora Adelheid
Full name Frederick Christian Augustus German: Friedrich Christian August
House	Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
Father	Christian August II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
Mother	Countess Louise Sophie of Danneskiold-Samsøe

Duke Frederick VIII (Danish: Frederik Christian August af Slesvig-Holsten-Sønderborg-Augustenborg; German: Friedrich Herzog von Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg) (July 6, 1829 – January 14, 1880) was the German pretender to the throne of Schleswig-Holstein from 1863, although in reality Prussia took overlordship and real administrative power.

Life

He was the eldest son of Christian August II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg and Countess Louise Sophie of Danneskiold-Samsøe. He was ethnically perhaps the most Danish Prince of the Danish Royal dynasty in his generation (at the time of Denmark's most recent succession crisis). His family belonged to the House of Oldenburg, the royal house that included all the medieval Scandinavian royal dynasties among its distant forebears - which it shared with his rivals and relatives, other claimants to the Danish throne. Both lines claim descent from the medieval Danish House of Estridsen via Christian I of Denmark's ancestress Richeza of Denmark, Lady of Werle, the daughter of Eric V of Denmark, but Frederick also descended from Eric V's son Christopher II of Denmark whom no heir or monarch of Denmark had been descended from since Christopher III of Denmark. Frederik's paternal grandfather happened to have both grandfathers who were "Royal" dukes from the Oldenburg dynasty. Frederick also differed from his rivals in his specific ancestry among the contemporary Danish high nobility. His mother was from an ancient Danish family (Danneskiold-Samsøe), and his paternal grandmother Louise Auguste of Denmark was its royal princess. His paternal grandfather Frederik Christian II, Duke of Augustenborg numbered two ladies of Danish high nobility as his grandmothers (Danneskiold-Samsøe and Reventlow), and one Danish Countess as paternal great-grandmother (Ahlefeldt-Langeland). Frederick's family had high hopes that in the then-rising era of nationalism, this ancestry would be viewed with favour when the legal question over whose claim was strongest would be decided. The family groomed Frederick to become a King of Denmark.

Unfortunately, Frederick, despite his more ethnically Danish ancestry was to become a symbol of German nationalism. Insider circles of Danish Royal government, for various reasons, were not favourable to the Augustenburgs. Instead, the Princess of Hesse and Prince of Glucksburg, closer relatives of the then royal family's core, were preferred. Prince Frederick's father became a protagonist in the 1848-51 First Schleswig War, to the hostility of Danish nationalists.

Prince Frederick's inherited claims were strongest to the almost wholly German-speaking Duchy of Holstein, while his rights as the heir-male of the House of Oldenburg proved too difficult to pursue, and Holstein, an originally Holy Roman Empire fief, had the Salic Law as a leading principle in its fundamental succession law. Schleswig and Denmark, much more Scandinavian in legal history, had legal precedents for elective and female succession. Frederick and his father, however Danish they actually were, realised this and leant towards German interests.

Young Frederick's father found himself in an untenable position after the collapse of Prussian support and defeat of his own government at the end of the First Schleswig War in 1851. He renounced his claims as first in line to inherit the twin duchies in favour of the king of Denmark and his successors on March 31, 1852 in return for a financial compensation. The ducal family was banished. Frederick now became the symbol of the nationalist German independence movement in Schleswig-Holstein. The renunciation was a hurdle which was explained away by the Augustenburg dynasty and the German nationalists as not having any effect on Frederick, who had not personally renounced anything and on whose behalf no one, including the father, was empowered to make renunciations. Frederick's marriage in 1856 was part of an appeal to German nationalism (however, his younger brother married a daughter of Queen Victoria).

In November 1863 Frederick claimed the twin-duchies in succession after the death without a male heir of King Frederick VII of Denmark, who was also the Duke of Schleswig and Holstein. As Holstein was inherited after the salic law among descendants of Helwig of Schauenburg, the independence movement had long nourished hopes that the king's death would lead to their goal. The Kingdom of Denmark was also under so-called Semi-Salic Law, but its male line ended with Frederick VII and Danish law contained a Semi-Salic provision which resulted in the election of Christian of Glücksburg as new monarch. German nationalists claimed that Schleswig was also inherited according to the unmodified Salic Law, but this claim was refused by Danish nationalists, arguing that this province was subject to Danish law.

Otto von Bismarck used the turbulence to invade the duchies in a Second War of Schleswig. The rule of Denmark in the duchies was terminated, and Frederick triumphantly entered Kiel, where he was eagerly welcomed. However, numerous political complications arose which prevented the formal reinstatement of the dynasty. By the terms of the Treaty of Vienna (October, 1864), the duchies were relinquished to Prussia and Austria, to be disposed of by them. Prussia, however, was not inclined to permit the creation of a new German state, and imposed conditions upon Frederick which made it impossible for him to assume the government. After the Peace of Prague, which terminated the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, the lands were finally absorbed into the Kingdom of Prussia.

Frederick subsequently served on the staff of the Crown Prince, Frederick William of Prussia, during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. Frederick and his heirs continued to use their title, which after the next generation passed to the Glucksburg branch, to heirs of an elder brother of Christian IX of Denmark.

Marriage and children

On September 11, 1856 Frederick married Princess Adelheid of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, a German. She was the second daughter of Ernst Christian Carl IV, Duke of Hohenlohe-Langenburg and Princess Feodora of Leiningen, elder half-sister of Queen Victoria. They were parents to seven children:

1. Prince Friedrich Wilhelm Victor Karl Ernst Christian August (August 3, 1857 - October 29, 1858).
2. Princess Auguste Viktoria Friederike Luise Feodora Jenny (October 22, 1858 - April 11, 1921). Married Wilhelm II, German Emperor.
3. Princess Victoria Friederike Augusta Maria Karoline Mathilde (January 25, 1860 - February 20, 1932). Married Friedrich Ferdinand, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
4. Prince Friedrich Viktor Leopold Christian Gerhard (January 20 - April 11, 1862).
5. Ernst Gunther, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein (August 11, 1863 - February 21, 1921).
6. Princess Feodora Louise Sophie Adelheid Henriette Amalie (April 8, 1866 - April 28, 1952). Married Prince Friedrich Leopold of Prussia. He was a male-line great-grandson of Frederick William III of Prussia.
7. Princess Feodora Adelheid Helene Luise Karoline Gustave Pauline Alice Jenny (July 3, 1874 - June 21, 1910).

Ancestry

Family of Frederick VIII, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein

16. Christian August, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg               8. Frederick Christian I, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg                       17. Countess Friederike Louise Danneskiold-Samsøe               4. Frederick Christian II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg                             18. Frederick Charles, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön               9. Charlotte of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön                       19. Countess Christiane Armgardis of Reventlow               2. Christian August II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg                                   20. Frederick V of Denmark               10. Christian VII of Denmark                       21. Louise of Great Britain               5. Princess Louise Auguste of Denmark                             22. Frederick, Prince of Wales               11. Caroline Matilda of Great Britain                       23. Augusta of Saxe-Gotha               1. Frederick VIII, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein                                         24. Count Christian af Danneskiold-Samsøe               12. Count Friedrich Christian af Danneskiold-Samsøe                       25. Countess Conradine Christiane Friis til Friisenborg               6. Christian Conrad, Count of Danneskiold-Samsøe                             26. Christian Adam von Kleist               13. Friederike Luise von Kleist                       27. Sophie Rosenkrantz til Farskov               3. Countess Louise Sophie of Danneskiold-Samsøe                                   28. Ulrik Kaas of Sparre af Mur               14. Frederick Christian Kaas af Mur                       29. Mette Marie Mathissen               7. Johanne Henriette Valentine Kaas af Mur                             30. Otto Ditlev Kaas af Sparre               15. Edele Sophie Kaas af Sparre                       31. Sophie Dorothea von Eickstädt

Bibliography

• Johannes Heinrich Gebauer: Herzog Friedrich VIII. von Schleswig-Holstein. Ein Lebensbild. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart u. a. 1912
• August Sach: Friedrich VIII. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Band 49, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1904, S. 126–134.
• Hans Harald Hennings: Friedrich. In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Band 5, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1961, ISBN 3-428-00186-9, S. 586–588.
• Dieter Wolf: Herzog Friedrich von Augustenburg – ein von Bismarck 1864 überlisteter deutscher Fürst?. Lang, Frankfurt am Main u. a. 1999, ISBN 3-631-35135-6 (zugl. Dissertation, Universität Hamburg 1999)
• Schleswig-Holstein (Geschichte 1739-1848). In: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon. 4. Auflage. Band 14, Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts, Leipzig/ Wien 1885–1892, S. 525.

Frederick VIII, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg Cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg Born: 6 July 1829 Died: 14 January 1880
German nobility
Preceded by Frederick VII	Duke of Schleswig-Holstein November 1863–14 January 1880	Succeeded by Ernst Gunther
Preceded by Christian August II	Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg 11 March 1869–14 January 1880	Succeeded by Ernst Gunther (as Duke of Schleswig-Holstein)