Geared turbofan
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| Geared turbofan. [1]: Fan. [2]: Gearbox. |
The geared turbofan is a type of turbofan aircraft engine. Typical of this configuration are the long-established Honeywell TFE731, the Lycoming ALF 502/507, and the recent Pratt & Whitney PW1000G.
Technology
In a conventional turbofan, a single shaft (the "low-pressure" or LP shaft) connects the fan, the low-pressure compressor and the low-pressure turbine (a second concentric shaft connects the high-pressure compressor and high-pressure turbine). In this configuration, the maximum tip speed for the fan limits the rotational speed for the LP shaft and thus the LP compressor and turbine. At high bypass ratios (and thus high radius ratios) the tip speeds of the LP turbine and LP compressor must be relatively low, which means extra compressor and turbine stages are required to keep the average stage loadings and, therefore, overall component efficiencies to an acceptable level.
In a geared turbofan, a (planetary) reduction gearbox between the fan and the LP shaft allows the latter to run at a higher rotational speed thus enabling fewer stages to be used in both the LP turbine and the LP compressor, increasing efficiency and reducing weight. However, some energy will be lost as heat in the gear mechanism and weight saved on turbine and compressor stages is partly offset by the mass of the gearbox. There are manufacturing cost and reliability implications as well.
The lower fan speed allows higher bypass ratios, leading to reduced fuel consumption and much reduced noise. The Bae 146 is fitted with geared turbofans and is still one of the quietest commercial aircraft.[1] A large part of the noise reduction is due to reduced fan tip speeds. In conventional turbofans the fan tips exceed the speed of sound causing a characteristic drone, requiring sound deadening. Geared turbofans run the fan at low enough rpm to avoid supersonic tip speeds.[2]
Engines
- Aviadvigatel PD-18R
- Honeywell ALF 502/LF 507
- Garrett TFE731
- Pratt & Whitney PW1000G
- Turbomeca Astafan
- Turbomeca Aspin
Tentatives
- IAE SuperFan, an IAE V2500 derivative proposed for the Airbus A340 between 1987 and 1992
- Rolls-Royce/SNECMA M45SD, a derivative of Rolls-Royce/SNECMA M45H turbofan, designed to demonstrate ultra-quiet engine technologies, needed for STOL aircraft operating from city centre airports
See also
- Related lists
References
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geared turbofan. |
- Notes
- Bibliography
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- Francillon, René J. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920. London: Putnam, 1979. ISBN 0-370-00050-1.
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