Germanic Wars

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The Germanic Wars is a name given to a series of wars between the Romans and various Germanic tribes between 113 BC and 596 AD. The nature of these wars varied through time between Roman conquest, Germanic uprisings and later Germanic invasions in the Roman Empire that started in the late 2nd century. The series of conflicts, which began in the 5th century under the Western Roman Emperor Honorius, led (along with internal strife) to the ultimate downfall of the Western Roman Empire.

Chronology

3rd century BC

2nd century BC

The Defeat of the Cimbri by Alexandre Gabriel Décamps

1st century BC

Vercingetorix Throws Down His Arms at the Feet of Julius Caesar by Lionel Noel Royer, 1899

1st century

The Varus battle by Otto Albert Koch, 1909

2nd century

3rd century

The area (Agri Decumates) between Main and Rhine was evacuated in 259 AD, dozens of Roman camps were abandoned.

4th century

Empire of the Huns, pushing the Germanic tribes over the Limes into the Roman Empire.

5th century

For the timeline of events in Britannia after its abandonment by Emperor Valentinian III, see Timeline of conflict in Anglo-Saxon Britain.

Kingdom of the Vandals (yellow) and their allies the Sarmatian Alans before the Invasion of Roman Africa, c. 418
Kingdom of the Vandals in North Africa, c. 429.
Europe in the late 5th century (476-486).

6th century

Kingdom of the Visigoths (orange), Kingdom of the Suebi (green), Kingdom of the Burgundians, Kingdom of the Franks (purple), Kingdom of the Vandals (yellow), c. 490.
The Byzantine Empire at the End of the Antiquity in 565.

See also

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Theodor Mommsen, Römische Geschichte. Vol. 2. Von der Schlacht von Pydna bis auf Sullas Tod.. 3.Ed. Weidmann, Berlin 1861, S. 178. (German) (Roman History: From the battle of Pydna down to Sulla's death.) Römische Geschichte: Bd. Von der Schlacht von Pydna bis auf Sullas Tod
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. Florus, Epitome 1.38.16-17 and Valerius Maximus, Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium 6.1.ext.3 (in Latin)
  5. Caesar. In: [[{{{1}}}]][] (1960): Geschichte in Gestalten (History in figures), vol. 1: A-E. [[{{{1}}}]][] 37, Frankfurt 1963, p. 214. "Hauptquellen [betreffend Caesar]: Caesars eigene, wenn auch leicht tendenziöse Darstellungen des Gallischen und des Bürgerkrieges, die Musterbeispiele sachgemäßer Berichterstattung und stilistischer Klarheit sind" ("Main sources [regarding Caesar]: Caesar's own, even though slightly tendentious depictions of the Gallic and the Civil Wars, which are paradigms of pertinent information and stylistic clarity")
  6. Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1.31-53
  7. Dio Cassius, Roman History 38.34-50; see also Plutarch, Life of Caesar 19
  8. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. Florus, III. 10. § 8.
  10. Birkhan, Helmut, 1997, Die Kelten, p. 238. (German) (The Celts)
  11. Suetonius, Augustus, 23, Tiberius, 12; Tacitus, Annals, I.10, III.48; Velleius II.97, 102; Pliny, Nat. Hist. IX.35 (58); Dio, liv.6.
  12. Dio, Roman History, LIV.33.
  13. Several examples by Max Ihm, s. v. Cheruski, in: Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (RE) III.2, Stuttgart 1899, cols. 2270–2272. (German))
  14. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. Velleius, Compendium of Roman History, book 2, 104,2.
  16. Wells, Peter S. The Battle that stopped Rome. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 2003, p. 187 ISBN 0-393-32643-8
  17. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. Kevin Sweeney, Scholars look at factors surrounding Hermann’s victory. www.nujournal.com 2010-10.
  20. Tacitus, Annals, XII.27
  21. Dean-Jones, Lesley (1992), p. 144
  22. 22.0 22.1 Kulikowski, Michael, 2007, Rome's Gothic Wars, p. 18.
  23. Jordanes, The Goths in the Third Century AD in THE ORIGIN AND DEEDS OF THE GOTHS, translated by Charles C. Mierow, www.earth-history.com
  24. Zosimus, Historia Nova, book 1.43
  25. Potter, David S., A Companion to the Roman Empire, p. 270
  26. Sozomen, Ecclesiastical History, book 1, chapter 8 & book 2, chapter 34.
  27. Kulikowski, Michael, 2007, Rome's Gothic Wars, pp. 83-84.
  28. Origo Constantini 6.32 mention the actions.
  29. Eusebius, The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine, IV.6
  30. Odahl, Charles M., Constantine and the Christian Empire, chapter X.
  31. Ammianus Marcellinus, Historiae, book 27, chapter 5.
  32. Kulikowski, Michael, 2007, Rome's Gothic Wars, pp. 115-116.
  33. 33.0 33.1 33.2 Zosimus, Historia Nova, book 4.
  34. 34.0 34.1 Ammianus Marcellinus, Historiae, book 31, chapter 3.
  35. 35.0 35.1 35.2 Philostorgius, Ecclesiastical history, book 9, chapter 17.
  36. 36.0 36.1 36.2 Sozomen, Ecclesiastical History, book 6, chapter 37.
  37. 37.0 37.1 Heather, Peter, 1998, The Goths, pp. 98-104.
  38. 38.0 38.1 Kulikowski, Michael, 2007, Rome's Gothic Wars, pp. 124-128.
  39. Heather, Peter, 2010, Empires and barbarians, p. 215.
  40. Heather, Peter, 1995, The English Historical Review, The Huns and the end of the Roman Empire in Western Europe
  41. Ammianus Marcellinus, Historiae, book 31, chapters 5-16.
  42. Socrates Scholasticus, The Ecclesiastical History, book 4, chapters 34-38 & book 5, chapter 1.
  43. Heather, Peter, 1998, The Goths, pp. 130-138.
  44. Kulikowski, Michael, 2007, Rome's Gothic Wars, pp. 130-153.
  45. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. Ammianus Marcellinus, Historiae, book 31, chapters 12–14.
  47. Zosimus, Historia Nova, book 4.
  48. Roman Empire – Adrianople roman-empire.net. Illustrated History of the Roman Empire. Retrieved April 2, 2007.
  49. 49.0 49.1 Heather, Peter, The Goths, p. 205
  50. Jaques, Tony. Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, ISBN 978-0-313-33538-9, p. 345.
  51. 51.0 51.1 Heather, Peter, The Goths, p. 194
  52. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  53. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  54. Haldon, John, 2008, The Byzantine Wars, p. 39.
  55. Amory, Patrick, 2003, People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489-554.

Further reading