Kahramanmaraş

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"Marash" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see Marash, Iran.
Kahramanmaraş
Metropolitan Municipality
A view of the city center
A view of the city center
Kahramanmaraş is located in Turkey
Kahramanmaraş
Kahramanmaraş
Location of Kahramanmaraş within Turkey.
Coordinates: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Country Turkey
Region Mediterranean
Province Kahramanmaraş
Area[1]
 • District 3,017.45 km2 (1,165.04 sq mi)
Elevation 67 m (220 ft)
Population (2012)[2]
 • Urban 443,575
 • District 558,664
 • District density 190/km2 (480/sq mi)
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
 • Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)
Area code(s) 0344
Licence plate 46
File:Kahramanmaraş Turkey Provinces locator.gif
City and province of Kahramanmaraş
File:Kmulucami1.JPG
The minaret of Grand Mosque of Kahramanmaras (Kahramanmaraş Ulu Camii), one of the city's many historic mosques

Kahramanmaraş is a city in southern Turkey (the Mediterranean Region) and the administrative center of Kahramanmaraş Province . The city lies on a plain at the foot of the Ahir Dağı (Ahir Mountain) and has a population of 575,000 as of 2013. The region is best known for its production of salep, a flour made from dried orchid tubers, and its distinctive ice cream. It is connected by air to Istanbul and Ankara. Turkish Airlines has daily direct flights from İstanbul and also AnadoluJet operates direct flights from Ankara.

History

Early history

In early Iron Age (at least late 11th century BC to ca. 711 BC[3]), Maraş was the capital city of the Syro-Hittite state Gurgum (Hieroglyphic Luwian Kurkuma). It was known as "the Kurkumaean city" to its Luwian inhabitants and as Marqas to the Assyrians.[4] In 711 BC, the land of Gurgum was annexed as an Assyrian province and renamed as Marqas after its capital.[5]

Maraş was called Germanicia Caesarea (Γερμανίκεια, Germanikeia, in Greek) in the time of the Roman and Byzantine empires. According to a 2010 Cumhuriyet article, the first ruins of Germanicia have already been unearthed in the Dulkadiroğulları quarters of the city).[6]

In 645, Germanicia was taken from the Byzantines by the Muslim Arabs, to whom the city was known as Marʻash (Arabic: مرعش [ˈmarʕaʃ]), which is also the Syriac ܡܪܥܫ). Marash was an important Syrian Orthodox diocese. Mor Dionysius Bar Salibi (died 1171) was its bishop. Over the next three centuries, Marash belonged to the fortified Arab-Byzantine frontier zone (Thughur) and was used as a base for incursions into Byzantine-held Asia Minor by the Arabs. It was destroyed several times during the Arab-Byzantine Wars. It was rebuilt by the Umayyad caliph Muawiya I and was expanded ca. 800 by the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid. The city was also controlled by the Tulunids, Ikhshidids and Hamdanids before the Byzantines under Nikephoros Phokas recovered it in 962.

After the defeat of Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, Philaretos Brachamios, a former Byzantine general, founded a principality centred on the city, which stretched from Antioch to Edessa.

Germanikeia was captured by Baldwin I of Jerusalem in 1098 during First Crusade and was part of County of Edessa. It was an important centre during Crusaders rule. According to the Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa, it was destroyed by an earthquake and 10,000 people were killed, which is probably an exaggeration. In 1100, it was captured by Danishmends and by Seljuks in 1103. But in 1107 Crusaders retook it with aid from Byzantine. In 1135, Danishmends besieged Germanikeia unsuccessfully but they captured it next year. However, Crusaders retook it in 1137.[7] Baldwin of Germanikeia died in a war in 1146. He was trying recover Edessa Nur ad-Din Zangi which had taken the side of Joscelin II of Edessa. His successor, Reynald of Germanikeia also died in battle of Inab against Zengids and Mesud I, Sultan of Rum took the city in 1149.

Marash was captured by Zengids in 1151 but recaptured by Seljuks in 1152. But, Maraş was recaptured by Zengids in 1173 and was left to Mleh, his collaborator. Marash passed to Seljuks in 1174 and to Ayyubids in 1182.

File:DAVIS(1879) p145 MARASH, GIAUR DAGH MOUNTAINS IN THE DISTANCE.jpg
Panorama view (c1875)
File:Trabzon Caddesi.jpg
View along Trabzon Avenue (Trabzon Caddesi)

Kaykhusraw I, Sultan of Rum captured Marash in 1208. Seljuk rule lasted to 1258. In 1258, Maraş was captured by the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, following the war with the Ilkhanate. Served by an Armenian Apostolic Church Archbishop, it became for a very short period of time, the seat of the Catholicossate of the Great House of Cilicia. Marash was captured by Al-Ashraf Khalil, Mamluk Sultan in 1292. But, it was recaptured by Hethum II, King of Cilician Armenia in 1299. Marash finally was taken by the Mamluks in 1304.

Marash was ruled by Dulkadirs, as vassals of Mamluks between 1337-1515 before being annexed to the Ottoman Empire. In the early days of Ottoman rule (1525-6) there were 1,557 adult males (total population 7,500), at this time all the inhabitants were Muslims.[8] Later a substantial number of non Muslims immigrated into the city mainly in the 19th century.[9]

Modern period

During the Ottoman rule, the city was at first centre of Eyalet of Dulkadir (Also called Eyalet of Zûlkâdiriyye) before first half of 19th century, later in was a sanjak centre in the Vilayet of Aleppo before 1918. It was controlled first by British troops between 22 February 1919 and 30 October 1919, after by French ones after signing Armistice of Mudros. It was taken over by the Turkish National Movement after Battle of Marash in 13 February 1920. Afterward a wholesale massacre of Armenian civilians took place.[10] Roving Turkish bands threw kerosene-doused rags on Armenian homes and laid a constant barrage upon the American relief hospital.[11] The Armenians themselves, as in previous times of trouble, sought refuge in their churches and schools.[12] Women and children found momentary shelter in Marash's six Armenian Apostolic, three Armenian Evangelical churches and in the city's sole Catholic cathedral. All the churches and eventually the entire Armenian districts were put to flames.[13][14][15] When the 2,000 Armenians who had taken shelter in the Catholic cathedral attempted to leave, they were cut down by Turkish rifle and machine gun fire.[16] Early reports put the number of Armenians dead at no less than 16,000, although this was later revised down to 5,000–12,000.[17][18]

In 1918, Marash's name was changed to Kahramanmaraş when the Turkish government added "Kahraman" to the name, in reference to the bravery of the people of the city in resisting against the French occupation after the First World War. Kahraman means "hero" in Turkish.[19]

In December 1978, Kahramanmaraş was the site of a massacre of leftist Alevis. A Turkish nationalist group, the Grey Wolves, incited the violence that left 800-1000 dead. The incident was important in the Turkish government's decision to declare martial law, and the eventual military coup in 1980.[20]

Year Population[21]
1525-6 7500
1564-5 13500
1914 32700
1927 25672
1940 27744
1945 33104
1950 34641
1960 54447
1970 110761
1980 178557

Climate

Kahramanmaraş has a mediterranean climate. Summers are hot and dry with an average of 35 °C (95 °F) but can go higher than +40 °C (104 °F). The highest recorded temperature being 45.2 °C (113.36 °F) on 30 July 2007. Winters are cold and damp with temperatures ranging from 0-5 °C (32-41 °F). The coldest temperature recorded was -9.6 °C (14.72 °F) on 6 February 1997.

Climate data for Kahramanmaraş
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.7
(65.7)		 21.8
(71.2)		 29.2
(84.6)		 36.0
(96.8)		 38.0
(100.4)		 42.0
(107.6)		 45.2
(113.4)		 44.4
(111.9)		 41.3
(106.3)		 37.2
(99)		 27.2
(81)		 24.0
(75.2)		 45.2
(113.4)
Average high °C (°F) 9.1
(48.4)		 10.9
(51.6)		 15.7
(60.3)		 21.1
(70)		 26.7
(80.1)		 31.9
(89.4)		 35.6
(96.1)		 35.9
(96.6)		 32.4
(90.3)		 25.8
(78.4)		 17.2
(63)		 10.9
(51.6)		 22.77
(72.98)
Average low °C (°F) 1.3
(34.3)		 2.2
(36)		 5.6
(42.1)		 9.9
(49.8)		 14.2
(57.6)		 18.9
(66)		 22.1
(71.8)		 22.2
(72)		 18.4
(65.1)		 12.9
(55.2)		 6.8
(44.2)		 3.1
(37.6)		 11.47
(52.64)
Record low °C (°F) −7.8
(18)		 −9.6
(14.7)		 −7.6
(18.3)		 −0.6
(30.9)		 5.0
(41)		 11.0
(51.8)		 15.6
(60.1)		 16.0
(60.8)		 8.6
(47.5)		 2.2
(36)		 −4.4
(24.1)		 −7.6
(18.3)		 −9.6
(14.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 125.4
(4.937)		 112.3
(4.421)		 94.8
(3.732)		 76.1
(2.996)		 39.3
(1.547)		 7.4
(0.291)		 2.5
(0.098)		 1.5
(0.059)		 9.3
(0.366)		 53.1
(2.091)		 93.5
(3.681)		 129.2
(5.087)		 744.4
(29.306)
Average rainy days 12.4 12.2 12.3 11.6 8.1 2.7 1.5 1.3 2.7 6.7 9.1 12.1 92.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 108.5 117.6 173.6 204 263.5 312 341 319.3 273 213.9 135 102.3 2,563.7
Source: Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü[22]

Industry

File:Marash-market-DCP 8707.JPG
The Covered Market (Kapalı Çarşı) of Kahramanmaraş

Some of the internationally-known ice-cream companies like MADO, Yaşar Pastanesi, EDO and Ferah Pastanesi started their business in this ice-cream city and thousands of people visit Kahramanmaraş because of its ice-cream (dondurma in Turkish).

Sports

The city has a local football team called; Kahramanmaraşspor which plays in the Turkish 2nd Division league. Kahramanmaraşspor plays its home games in Hanefi Mahçiçek Stadium. Some famous Turkish players like Mehmet Özdilek and Kemalettin Şentürk played in Kahramanmaraşspor before transferring to bigger clubs.

Notable natives

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Trevor Bryce: The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. Oxford, New York 2012, p. 125-128.
  4. ↑ Annick Payne: Iron Age Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. Atlanta 2012, p. 7.
  5. ↑ Trevor Bryce: The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. Oxford, New York 2012, p. 128.
  6. ↑ Cumhuriyet , 20 December 2010 p. 20
  7. ↑ http://www.k-maras.com/a_dos/t_gelisimi.htm
  8. ↑ The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine, Uri M. Kupferschmidt, page 508
  9. ↑ The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine, Uri M. Kupferschmidt, page 508-509
  10. ↑ "The Massacre Of Armenians." The Times. 28 February 1920.
  11. ↑ "Eyewitness Tells How Armenians were Massacred." The New York Times. 29 February 1920.
  12. ↑ Hovannisian. "Postwar Contest for Cilicia", p. 509.
  13. ↑ (French) Muré, Materne (1921). Un épisode de la tragédie arménienne: le massacre de Marache (février 1920). Brussels: Société Belge de Libraire.
  14. ↑ Kerr. The Lions of Marash, pp. 95–142.
  15. ↑ Sahakyan. Turkish-French Relations, pp. 150–52.
  16. ↑ Hovannisian. Republic of Armenia, p. 41.
  17. ↑ Documents on British Foreign Policy, vol. vii, p. 303.
  18. ↑ Kerr. The Lions of Marash, p. 196.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Zurcher, Eric. "Turkey: A Modern History". I.B. Tauris: London, 1993: 276-277
  21. ↑ The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine, Uri M. Kupferschmidt, page 508 - 509
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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