Grepafloxacin

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Grepafloxacin
File:Grepafloxacin.svg
Systematic (IUPAC) name
(RS)-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-5-methyl-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)- 4-oxo-quinoline- 3-carboxylic acid
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com Multum Consumer Information
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding 50%
Identifiers
CAS Number 119914-60-2 YesY
ATC code J01MA11 (WHO)
PubChem CID: 72474
DrugBank DB00365 YesY
ChemSpider 65391 YesY
UNII L1M1U2HC31 YesY
KEGG C11368 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL583 YesY
Chemical data
Formula C19H22FN3O3
Molecular mass 359.395 g/mol
  • O=C(O)\C2=C\N(c1cc(c(F)c(c1C2=O)C)N3CC(NCC3)C)C4CC4
  • InChI=1S/C19H22FN3O3/c1-10-8-22(6-5-21-10)15-7-14-16(11(2)17(15)20)18(24)13(19(25)26)9-23(14)12-3-4-12/h7,9-10,12,21H,3-6,8H2,1-2H3,(H,25,26) YesY
  • Key:AIJTTZAVMXIJGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N YesY
  (verify)

Grepafloxacin hydrochloride (trade name Raxar, Glaxo Wellcome) was an oral broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent used to treat bacterial infections. Grepafloxacin was withdrawn worldwide from markets in 1999,[1][2] owing to its side effect of lengthening the QT interval on the electrocardiogram, leading to cardiac events and sudden death.[3]

Clinical uses

Grepafloxacin was used for treating exacerbations of chronic bronchitis caused by susceptible bacteria (e.g. Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis),[4][5][6] community-acquired pneumonia (including those, in addition to the above germs, caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae)[7][8] gonorrhea and non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis (for example caused by Chlamydia trachomatis or Ureaplasma urealyticum).[9][10]

Synthesis

The preparation of quinolones bearing a substituent at position 5 is complicated by the greater electrophilic character of the 8 position. One scheme for resolving the problem consists in blocking access to position 8 by first adding a readily removable group to that center.

The scheme starts with the conversion of the carboxylic acid in (1) to its dimethyloxazoline derivative (3) by reaction with the dimethyl ethanolamine (2). Lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) then removes a proton from the 8 position; treatment of that anion with trimethylsilyl iodide leads to the silylated intermediate (4). A second round of LDA then generates a carbanion at the only open position; reaction with methyl iodide leads to the corresponding 5 methyl derivative (5). Treatment of that product with cesium fluoride breaks the carbon–silicon bond, removing the silyl group; aqueous acid then hydrolyzes the oxazoline to afford the free acid (6). This last intermediate is then taken on to the quinolone (9) [13] by essentially the same scheme as that used to prepare difloxacin, with the difference that the chain elongation is by means of Grignard reagent of Ethyl bromoacetate. Treatment of (9) with 2-methylpiperazine proceeds by reaction at the less hindered of the two amino groups; saponification then affords grepafloxacin (10).

See also

References

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  12. WO 8906649 ; eidem, U.S. Patent 4,920,120 (1989, 1990 both to Warner-Lambert).
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