Guben

Guben
Courthouse Courthouse
Coat of arms of Guben Coat of arms
Guben
Location of Guben within Spree-Neiße district 250px
Coordinates:
Country	Germany
State	Brandenburg
District	Spree-Neiße
Government
• Mayor	Klaus-Dieter Hübner (FDP)
Area
• Total	43.75 km2 (16.89 sq mi)
Population (2013-12-31)
• Total	17,655
• Density	400/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
Time zone	CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Postal codes	03172
Dialling codes	03561
Vehicle registration	SPN, FOR, GUB, SPB
Website	www.guben.de

Guben (Polish and Sorbian: Gubin) is a town on the Lusatian Neisse river in the state of Brandenburg, Germany. Located in the Spree-Neiße district, Guben has a population of 20,049. Along with Frankfurt (Oder) and Görlitz, Guben is a divided city on the border between Germany and Poland, having been separated into Guben and Gubin in 1945 by the Oder–Neisse line.

Geography

Environment

Guben is located in the district (Landkreis) of Spree-Neiße in the southeast of the state of Brandenburg. It is in the historical region of Lower Lusatia. Guben's position on the banks of the Lusatian Neisse between two plateaus was advantageous in its early economic development. These plateaus developed from ground moraines of the Wisconsin glaciation period. Both the western (Kaltenborner Berge = Kaltenborn Hills) and eastern (Gubener Berge = Guben Hills) ended up as terminal moraines. The surrounding land is covered with pine forests and lakes.

Districts

Guben is divided into the unofficial sections of:

• Altstadt, formerly to 1945 Klostervorstadt (developed from the early Benedictine cloister area, which developed into the industrial suburb of pre-division Guben)
• Sprucke (originally Vorwerk Altsprucke, added after 1920 with quarter Neusprucke and after 1963 with quarter Obersprucke)
• Reichenbach

Guben is divided into the official districts (with district mayors) of:

• Bresinchen
• Deulowitz
• Groß Breesen (with Grunewald)
• Kaltenborn
• Schlagsdorf

Coat of arms

The coat of arms of Guben depicts a red wall with three gates (Klostertor, Crossener Tor, Werdertor) and three towers. The three inescutcheons depict the arms of the historic rulers: the Kings of Prussia, the Kings of Bohemia, and the Electors of Saxony. The coat of arms of the Polish sister city Gubin features a Piast Eagle inescutcheon instead.

History

Medieval Guben

Guben began to develop around 1200 as a trade and marketplace on the roads between Leipzig and Poznań and between Görlitz and Frankfurt (Oder). A settlement on the eastern shore of the Lusatian Neisse was protected by swamps to the south and by the Lubst, a tributary of the Neisse, to the north and the east. Henry III, Margrave of Meissen, granted this settlement Magdeburg rights on June 1, 1235 and declared it an oppidum (town). On the western shore of the river, a cloister of Benedictine nuns began developing as an outlying suburb of the town on the eastern shore of the river. In a charter of 1312 Guben received its coat of arms displaying three towers.

Until 1815, Guben belonged uninterruptedly to the Margravate of Lower Lusatia. Between 1367 and 1635 the margravate belonged to the crown of Bohemia. The city was fortified in the 14th century with earthworks, trenches, and wooden planking, and then refortified from 1523–1544. In 1635 Elector John George I of Saxony received Lower Lusatia and Guben in the Peace of Prague.

Growth of economy and infrastructure

Guben's textile industry began to develop in the 16th century, although it began to flourish in the 19th century, especially with leather gloves in 1849. Beginning in 1822, Guben's production of hats covered 65% of German demand. Later industrialization led to the production of rugs and shoes. Lignite processing began in the eastern half of the city in 1847. The tradition for weaving is still prevalent in modern times as the textile company Trevira maintains a manufacturing plant in the city.

Guben station was opened with the railway between Frankfurt (Oder) and Breslau (Wrocław) in 1846 and the Cottbus–Guben railway was opened in 1871. A direct line to Forst (Lausitz) was finished in 1904, and a tram line ran in the city from February 24, 1904 until June 8, 1938.

File:Guben Frankfurter Straße.jpg

Guben c. 1920

In 1815 the Margravate of Lower Lusatia was abolished and replaced with the district system. Guben became the capital of a district within the Province of Brandenburg. On April 1, 1884, the city of Guben separated from the district of Guben and became its own urban district. On December 1, 1928 the region of Mückenberg was incorporated from the district of Guben into the city of Guben.

Most recently the Anatomist Doctor Gunther von Hagens, from Heidelberg University where he developed many of his cadaver plastinating techniques, has purchased a disused woolens manufacturing factory. This has been renovated and converted into a museum-cum-work centre. He expects to employ approximately 200 people, which will have some impact on the local unemployment figures currently running at close to 20%

There have been some objections to this development on moral grounds, but the majority of the Guben's population see this development as a good thing for the future prosperity of Guben.

After World War II

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-31398-0001, Guben, Mittelstraße.jpg

Guben, 1955

At the Potsdam Conference at the end of World War II in 1945, the boundary between Germany and Poland was fixed as the Oder–Neisse line. Because Guben was on the Lusatian Neisse, the city was separated into German Guben and Polish Gubin.

Because the historical center of Guben became Gubin, the western suburbs which grew from the Benedictine cloister remained in Guben. Although underdeveloped compared to the town across the river, the remaining Guben began to grow extensively after 1945, especially through the construction of a chemical plant and additional residential areas. From 1961–1990 Guben was officially named "Wilhelm-Pieck-Stadt Guben" by East Germany after its first and only State President Wilhelm Pieck, who was born in the eastern half of the city (today's Gubin) in 1876. From June 1950 until July 23, 1952 Guben was part of the district of Cottbus.

Reunification

The German reunification in 1990 brought economic depression and unemployment to the city. When the district of Guben was abolished on December 6, 1993, Guben became part of the district of Spree-Neiße. In recent years the city has begun developing closer ties with Gubin across the river.

Demography

File:Guben Postmeilensäule.JPG

Saxon post milestone from 1736

The following is an overview of Guben's population until 2005. Until 1844 the population was mostly estimated, while afterwards the figures are from census results (¹) or official administrative documents.

Year Population 1600 4,000 1800 5,200 1844 10,031 1 December 1875 ¹ 23,704 1 December 1880 ¹ 25,840 1 December 1885 ¹ 27,091 1 December 1890 ¹ 29,328 1 December 1900 ¹ 33,122 1 December 1905 ¹ 36,666 1 December 1910 ¹ 38,593 16 June 1925 ¹ 40,602 16 June 1933 ¹ 43,934

Year Population 17 May 1939 ¹ 45,934 29 October 1946 ¹ 25,297 31 August 1950 ¹ 25,929 31 December 1964 ¹ 25,492 1 January 1971 ¹ 29,607 31 December 1981 ¹ 36,708 31 December 1990 30,791 31 December 2000 25,245 31 December 2004 21,568 31 December 2005 21,341 31 December 2008 20,049 31 December 2012 17,971

¹ census results

• Bevölkerungsentwicklung Guben.pdf

  Development of Population since 1875 within the Current Boundaries (Blue Line: Population; Dotted Line: Comparison to Population Development of Brandenburg state; Grey Background: Time of Nazi rule; Red Background: Time of Communist rule)

• Bevölkerungsprognosen Guben.pdf

  Recent Population Development (Blue Line) and Forecasts

External links

All links are in German.

• Official website of Guben
• City economic site
• Tourist information
• History from 1871-1945
• Site of a local publisher with historical information