Haplogroup E-Z827

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Haplogroup E-Z827
Possible time of origin approx 15,000 years BP
Possible place of origin Northern Africa
Ancestor E-M215/M35
Descendants E-L19, E-Z830
Defining mutations Z827

In human genetics, E-Z827, also known as E1b1b1b,[1] is the name of a major Y chromosome haplogroup. It is defined as the lineage which combines the haplogroups E-Z830 and E-V257, and defines their common ancestry. The former is predominantly found in the Horn of Africa and the Middle East, while the latter is most frequently observed in North Western Africa; it is also found at lower frequencies in Europe, and in isolated parts of Southeast Africa.

Subclades of E-Z827 and Distribution

Family Tree

The following phylogeny is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research as summarized by ISOGG.[2][3][4]

  • E-Z827 (Z827) - E1b1b1b[5]
    • E-V257/L19 (L19, V257) - E1b1b1b1[5]
      • E-PF2431
      • E-M81 (M81)[6]
        • E-M81*
        • E-PF2546
          • E-PF2546*
          • E-CTS12227
            • E-MZ11
              • E-MZ12
          • E-A929
            • E-Z5009
              • E-Z5009*
              • E-Z5010
              • E-Z5013
                • E-Z5013*
                • E-A1152
            • E-A2227
              • E-A428
              • E-MZ16
            • E-PF6794
              • E-PF6794*
              • E-PF6789
                • E-MZ21
                • E-MZ23
                • E-MZ80
            • E-A930
            • E-Z2198/E-MZ46
              • E-A601
              • E-L351
    • E-Z830 (Z830) - E1b1b1b2[5]
      • E-M123 (M123)
        • E-M34 (M34)
          • E-M84 (M84)
            • E-M136 (M136)
          • E-M290 (M290)
          • E-V23 (V23)
          • E-L791 (L791,L792)
      • E-V1515
        • E-V1515*
        • E-V1486
          • E-V1486*
          • E-V2881
            • E-V2881*
            • E-V1792
            • E-V92
          • E-M293 (M293)
            • E-M293*
            • E-P72 (P72)
            • E-V3065*
        • E-V1700
          • E-V42 (V42)
          • E-V1785
            • E-V1785*
            • E-V6 (V6)

E-V257/L19 (E1b1b1b1)

E-V257/L19 showed a parallel with its sibling clade E-V68 in the way that both clades show signs of having migrated from North Africa to southern Europe across the Mediterranean sea. 6 "E-V257/L19*" individuals were found in published samples who were E-V257/L19, but not E-M81. a Marrakesh Berber, a Corsican, a Sardinian, A Borana from Kenya, a southern Spaniard and a Cantabrian.

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Within E-M35, there are striking parallels between two haplogroups, E-V68 and E-V257. Both contain a lineage which has been frequently observed in North Africa (E-M78 and E-M81, respectively) and a group of undifferentiated chromosomes that are mostly found in southern Europe. An expansion of E-M35 carriers, possibly from the Middle East as proposed by other authors, and split into two branches separated by the geographic barrier of the Mediterranean Sea, would explain this geographic pattern. However, the absence of E-V68* and E-V257* in the Middle East makes a maritime spread between northern Africa and southern Europe a more plausible hypothesis.

— Trombetta (2011)

A project dedicated to researching and understanding the origins of E-V257/L19* is underway at FamilyTreeDNA.com. The name of the project is E1b1b1b*-A

E-V257's dominant sub-clade E-M81 is thought to have originated in the area of North Africa 5,600 years ago[7] or 13,900 years ago.[8]

E-M81

Distribution of E1b1b1b1a in select areas of Africa, Asia and Europe

E-M81 is the most common subclade of E-L19/V257 and found in the Maghreb, dominated by its sub-clade E-M183. This haplogroup reaches a mean frequency of 42% in North Africa, decreasing in frequency from 100% in some isolated Berber populations to approximately 10% to the east of this range in Egypt.[7][9][10] Because of its prevalence among these groups and also others such as Mozabite, Middle Atlas, Kabyle and other Berber groups, it is sometimes referred to as a genetic "Berber marker". Pereira et al. (2010) report high levels among Tuareg in two Saharan populations - 77.8% near Gorom-Gorom, in Burkina Faso, and 81.8% from Gossi in Mali. There was a much lower frequency of 11.1% in the vicinity of Tanut in the Republic of Niger.

E-M81 is also quite common among North African Arabic-speaking groups. It is generally found at frequencies around 45% in coastal cities of the Maghreb (Oran, Tunis, Tizi Ouzou, Algiers).[11]

In this key area from Egypt to the Atlantic Ocean, Arredi et al. (2004) report a pattern of decreasing STR haplotype variation (implying decreasing lineage age in those areas) from East to West, accompanied by a substantial increasing frequency. At the eastern extreme of this core range, Kujanova et al. (2009) found M81 in 28.6% (10 out of 35 men) in El-Hayez in the Western desert in Egypt

Arredi et al. (2004) believe the pattern of distribution and variance to be consistent with the hypothesis of a post Paleolithic "demic diffusion" from the East. The ancestral lineage of E-M81 in their hypothesis could have been linked with the spread of Neolithic food-producing technologies from the Fertile Crescent via the Nile, although pastoralism rather than agriculture. E-M81 and possibly proto-Afroasiatic language may have been carried either all the way from Asia, or they may represent a "local contribution to the North African Neolithic transition". According to Shomarka Keita, a Near Eastern origin of proto-Afroasiatic speakers carrying E-M81, or its ancestral lineage, is inconsistent with the linguistic evidence, which seems to indicate an African origin of Proto-Afro-Asiatic speakers. Keita argues that there is no autochthonous presence of E-M81 in the Near East, indicating that M81 most likely emerged from its parent clade M35 either in the Maghreb, or possibly as far southeast as the Horn of Africa.[12]

Europe

In Europe, E-M81 has a widespread distribution at very low frequencies but is common mostly in the Iberian Peninsula, where unlike in the rest of Europe[Note 1] it is more common than E-M78, with an average frequency around 5%. Its frequencies are higher in the western half of the peninsula with frequencies reaching 8% in Extremadura and South Portugal, 4% in one study and 9% in another in Galicia, 10% in Western Andalusia and Northwest Castile and 9% to 17% in Cantabria.[13][14][15][16][17] The highest frequencies of this clade found so far in Europe were observed in the Pasiegos from Cantabria, ranging from 18% (8/45)[17] to 41% (23/56).[18] An average frequency of 8.28% (54/652) has also been reported in the Spanish Canary Islands with frequencies over 10% in the three largest islands of Tenerife (10.68%), Gran Canaria (11.54%) and Fuerteventura (13.33%).[19]

E-M81 is also found in France, 2.70% (15/555) overall with frequencies surpassing 5% in Auvergne (5/89) and Île-de-France (5/91),[20][21] in Sicily (approximately 2% overall, but up to 7% in Piazza Armerina),[22] and in slightly lower frequencies in continental Italy (especially near Lucera)[16] due to historic colonization during the Islamic, Roman, and Carthaginian empires or ancient migrations in the Metals Ages through maritime means. E-M81 was also found in 2013 at 5.8% in a large sample of 1 204 Sardinians.[23]

Latin America

As a result of Spanish and Portuguese colonization of the Americas, this sub-clade is found throughout Latin America, for example 6.1% in Cuba,[24] 5.4% in Brazil (Rio de Janeiro), [Note 2] and among Hispanic men from California and Hawaii 2.4%.[25]

Others

In smaller numbers, E-M81 men can be found in areas in contact with the Maghreb, both around the Sahara, in places like Sudan, and around the Mediterranean in places like Lebanon, Turkey, and amongst Sephardic Jews.

Distribution

The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for E-M81, showing where its distribution is greater than 1% in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Latin America.

Country/Region Sampling n %E-M81 Source
Algeria Mozabite Berbers 67 86.6 Dugoujon et al. (2009)
Algeria Mozabite Berbers 20 80 Cruciani et al. (2004)
Algeria Oran 102 45.1 Robino et al. (2008)
Algeria Algiers 35 42.9 Arredi et al. (2004)
Algeria Kabyles from Tizi Ouzou 19 47.4 Arredi et al. (2004)
Brazil Rio de Janeiro 112 5.4 Silva et al. (2006)
Burkina Faso Tuaregs 38 77.8 Pereira et al. (2010)
Canary Islands Fuerteventura 75 13.3 Fregel et al. (2009)
Canary Islands Gran Canaria 78 11.5 Fregel et al. (2009)
Canary Islands Tenerife 178 10.7 Fregel et al. (2009)
Canary Islands Lanzarote 97 6.2 Fregel et al. (2009)
Canary Islands La Palma 85 5.9 Fregel et al. (2009)
Canary Islands Gomera 92 4.4 Fregel et al. (2009)
Canary Islands Hierro 47 2.1 Fregel et al. (2009)
Cuba 132 6.1 Mendizabal et al. (2008)
Cyprus Turkish Cypriots 46 8.7 Cruciani et al. (2004)
Egypt Northern Egyptians 21 4.8 Cruciani et al. (2004)
Egypt Western Desert 35 28.6 Kujanová et al. (2009)
Egypt 147 8.2 Flores et al. (2005)
France 85 3.5 Cruciani et al. (2004)
France Auvergne 89 5.6 Ramos-Luisa et al. (2009)
France Île-de-France 91 5.5 Ramos-Luisa et al. (2009)
France Nord-Pas-de-Calais 68 4.4 Ramos-Luisa et al. (2009)
France Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 45 2.2 Ramos-Luisa et al. (2009)
France Midi-Pyrénées 67 1.5 Ramos-Luisa et al. (2009)
Iberia Spain, Portugal 655 5.2 Fregel et al. (2009)
Iberia Spain, Portugal 1140 4.3 Adams et al. (2008)
Israel Bedouins 28 3.6 Cruciani et al. (2004)
Italy Central Italians 89 2.2 Cruciani et al. (2004)
Italy Northern Italians 67 1.5 Cruciani et al. (2004)
Italy North-West Apulia 46 4.3 Capelli et al. (2009)
Italy East Campania 84 2.4 Capelli et al. (2009)
Italy Veneto 55 1.8 Capelli et al. (2009)
Italy North-East Latium 55 1.8 Capelli et al. (2009)
Italy Lucera 60 1.7 Capelli et al. (2009)
Italy Sicily 236 2.1 Gaetano et al. (2008)
Italy Sardinia 1204 5.8 Francalacci et al. (2013)[23]
Jordania 101 4 Flores et al. (2005)
Lebanon 104 1.9 Flores et al. (2005)
Lebanon 914 1.2 Zalloua et al. (2008)
Libya Tuaregs 47 48.9 Ottoni et al. (2011)
Libya Arabs 215 35.9 Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2013)
Mali Tuaregs (Gozi) 21 81.8 Pereira et al. (2010)
Morocco Marrakesh Berbers 29 72.4 Cruciani et al. (2004)
Morocco Moyen Atlas Berbers 69 71 Cruciani et al. (2004)
Morocco Moroccan Arabs 54 31.5 Cruciani et al. (2004)
Morocco Marrakesh (Amizmiz Valley) 33 84.8 Alvarez et al. (2009)
Morocco Northern Moroccans (Beni Snassen) 67 79.1 Dugoujon et al. (2005)
Morocco Northern Moroccans (Rhiraya) 54 79.6 Dugoujon et al. (2005)[26]
Morocco Immigrants resident in Italy 51 54.9 Onofri et al. (2008)
Morocco Arabs and Berbers 221 65 Fregel et al. (2009), from Bosh et al. 2001
Niger Tuaregs 22 9.1 Cruciani et al. (2004)
Niger Tuaregs 31 11.1 Pereira et al. (2010)
North Africa Sahara 89 59.6 Fregel et al. (2009)
North Africa Algeria, Tunisia 202 39.1 Fregel et al. (2009)
Portugal North 109 5.5 Flores et al. (2004)
Portugal South 49 12.2 Cruciani et al. (2004)
Portugal North 50 4 Cruciani et al. (2004)
Portugal South 78 7.7 Adams et al. (2008)
Portugal North 60 3.3 Adams et al. (2008)
Portugal 303 5.6 Goncalves et al. (2005)
Portugal North 101 6 Goncalves et al. (2005)
Portugal Center 102 4.9 Goncalves et al. (2005)
Portugal South 100 6 Goncalves et al. (2005)
Portugal Madeira 129 5.4 Goncalves et al. (2005)
Portugal Açores 121 5 Goncalves et al. (2005)
Portugal 657 5.6 Beleza et al. (2006)
Portugal Entre Douro e Minho 228 6.6 Beleza et al. (2006)
Portugal Tras os Montes 64 3.1 Beleza et al. (2006)
Portugal Beira Litoral 116 5.2 Beleza et al. (2006)
Portugal Beira Interior 58 5.3 Beleza et al. (2006)
Portugal Estremadura 43 4.6 Beleza et al. (2006)
Portugal Lisboa e Setubal 62 6.5 Beleza et al. (2006)
Portugal Alentejo 65 7.7 Beleza et al. (2006)
Portugal Coruche 64 9.4 Pereira et al. (2010)
Portugal Pias 46 4.3 Pereira et al. (2010)
Portugal Alcacer do Sal 21 4.8 Pereira et al. (2010)
Portugal Tras-os-Montes (Jews) 57 5.3 Nogueiro et al. (2010)
Portugal Tras-os-Montes (Non Jews) 30 10 Nogueiro et al. (2010)
Somalia 201 1.5 Flores et al. (2005)
Spain Pasiegos from Cantabria 19 36.8 Scozzari et al. (2001)
Spain Pasiegos from Cantabria 56 41.1 Cruciani et al. (2004)
Spain Pasiegos from Cantabria 45 17.8 Maca-Meyer et al. (2003)
Spain Spanish Basques 55 3.6 Cruciani et al. (2004)
Spain Asturians 90 2.2 Cruciani et al. (2004)
Spain Southern Spaniards 62 1.6 Cruciani et al. (2004)
Spain Castile, NorthWest 100 10 Adams et al. (2008)
Spain Andalucia, West 73 9.6 Adams et al. (2008)
Spain Galicia 19 10.5 Flores et al. (2004)
Spain Galicia 292 4.1 Brion et al. (2004)
Spain Galicia 88 9.1 Adams et al. (2008)
Spain Galicia 164 9.1 Regueiro et al. (2015)
Spain Extremadura 52 7.7 Adams et al. (2008)
Spain Valencia 73 4.1 Adams et al. (2008)
Spain Castile, NorthEast 31 3.2 Adams et al. (2008)
Spain Aragon 34 2.9 Adams et al. (2008)
Spain Minorca 37 2.7 Adams et al. (2008)
Spain Andalucia, East 95 2.1 Adams et al. (2008)
Spain Majorca 62 1.6 Adams et al. (2008)
Spain Castile, La Mancha 63 1.6 Adams et al. (2008)
Spain Catalonia 80 1.3 Adams et al. (2008)
Spain Cantabria 161 13 Capelli et al. (2009)
Spain Malaga 26 11.5 Flores et al. (2004)
Spain Cantabria 70 8.6 Flores et al. (2004)
Spain Cordoba 27 7.4 Flores et al. (2004)
Spain Valencia 31 6.5 Flores et al. (2004)
Spain Leon 60 5 Flores et al. (2004)
Spain Castile 21 4.8 Flores et al. (2004)
Spain Seville 155 4.5 Flores et al. (2004)
Spain Huelva 22 4.5 Flores et al. (2004)
Spain Basques 45 2.2 Flores et al. (2004)
Spain Huelva 167 3 Ambrosio et al. (2010)
Spain Granada 250 3.6 Ambrosio et al. (2010)
Spain Pedroches Valley 68 1.5 Alvarez et al. (2009)
Spain Andalusians 94 2.1 Alvarez et al. (2009)
Tunisia Tunis 148 37.9 Arredi et al. (2004)
Tunisia Immigrants resident in Italy 52 32.7 Onofri et al. (2008)
Tunisia Berbers from Bou Omrane 40 87.5 Ennafaa et al. (2011)
Tunisia Berbers from Bou Saad 40 92.5 Ennafaa et al. (2011)
Tunisia Jerbian Arabs 46 60.9 Ennafaa et al. (2011)
Tunisia Jerbian Berbers 47 76.6 Ennafaa et al. (2011)
Tunisia Berbers from Chenini–Douiret 27 100 Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011)
Tunisia Berbers from Sened 35 65.7 Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011)
Tunisia Berbers from Jradou 32 100 Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011)
Tunisia Andalusian Zaghouan 32 40.6 Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011)
Tunisia Cosmopolitan Tunis 33 54.4 Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011)
Turkey Istanbul Turkish 35 5.7 Cruciani et al. (2004)
Turkey Sephardi Turkish 19 5.3 Cruciani et al. (2004)
Turkey Southwestern Turkish 40 2.5 Cruciani et al. (2004)
Turkey Northeastern Turkish 41 2.4 Cruciani et al. (2004)

E-Z830 (E1b1b1b2)

A recently confirmed sub-clade of E-Z827, Z830, includes the confirmed sub-clades of E-M123, E-M293, and E-V42, and is a sibling clade to E-L19. Currently, the E-M35 phylogeny project recognizes four distinct clusters of Z830* carriers, two of which are exclusively Jewish in origin. The remaining two are significantly smaller, and include scattered individuals in Germany, Spain, Latin America, Egypt, and Ethiopia.[27][28][29][30]

E-M123

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Main article: Haplogroup E-M123 (Y-DNA)

E-M123 is mostly known for its major subclade E-M34, which dominates this clade.[Note 3]

E-V1515

A new clade (E-V1515) was defined by Trombetta et al. 2015, which originated about 12 kya (95% CI 8.6-16.4) in eastern Africa where it is currently mainly distributed. This clade includes all the sub-Saharan haplogroups (E-V42, E-M293, E-V92, E-V6) reported as E-M35 basal clades in a previous phylogeny.[31]

E-M293

E-M293 is a subclade of E-V1515. It was identified by ISOGG as the second clade within E-Z830. It was discovered before E-Z830, being announced in Henn 2008, which associated it with the spread of pastoralism from Eastern Africa into Southern Africa. So far high levels have been found in specific ethnic groups in Tanzania and Southern Africa. Highest were the Datog (43%), Khwe (Kxoe) (31%), Burunge (28%), and Sandawe (24%). Henn (2008) in their study also found two Bantu-speaking Kenyan males with the M293 mutation.[32] Other E-M215 subclades are rare in Southern Africa. The authors state...

Without information about M293 in the Maasai, Hema, and other populations in Kenya, Sudan, and Ethiopia, we cannot pinpoint the precise geographic source of M293 with greater confidence. However, the available evidence points to present-day Tanzania as an early and important geographic locus of M293 evolution.

They also say that "M293 is only found in sub-Saharan Africa, indicating a separate phylogenetic history for M35.1 * (former) samples further north". E-P72 appears in Karafet (2008). Trombetta et al. 2011 announced that this is a subclade of E-M293.

E-V42

Trombetta et al. 2011 announced the discovery of E-V42 in two Ethiopian Jews. It was suggested that it may be restricted to the region around Ethiopia. However, further testing by commercial DNA testing companies confirmed positive results for this subclade in Arabia as well.[33]

E-V6

The E-V6 subclade of E-V1515 is defined by V6. Cruciani et al. (2004) identified a significant presence of these lineages in Ethiopia, and also some in the neighboring Somali population. Among the Ethiopian and Somali samples, the highest were 14.7% among the Ethiopian Amhara, and 16.7% among the Ethiopian Wolayta.

E-V92

Trombetta et al. 2011 announced the discovery of E-V92 in two Ethiopian Amhara. Like E-V6 and E-V42 it possibly only exists in the area of Ethiopia.

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic History

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Main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012
E-P29 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E* E E E E E E E E E E
E-M33 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E1* E1 E1a E1a E1 E1 E1a E1a E1a E1a E1a
E-M44 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E1a E1a E1a1 E1a1 E1a E1a E1a1 E1a1 E1a1 E1a1 E1a1
E-M75 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E2a E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2
E-M54 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E2b E2b E2b E2b1 - - - - - - -
E-P2 25 III 4 14 Eu3 H2 B E3* E3 E1b E1b1 E3 E3 E1b1 E1b1 E1b1 E1b1 E1b1
E-M2 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a* E3a E1b1 E1b1a E3a E3a E1b1a E1b1a E1b1a E1b1a1 E1b1a1
E-M58 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a1 E3a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1 E3a1 E3a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1a1a E1b1a1a1a
E-M116.2 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a2 E3a2 E1b1a2 E1b1a2 E3a2 E3a2 E1b1a2 E1b1a2 E1ba12 removed removed
E-M149 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a3 E3a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a3 E3a3 E3a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a1a1c E1b1a1a1c
E-M154 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a4 E3a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a4 E3a4 E3a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a1a1g1c E1b1a1a1g1c
E-M155 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a5 E3a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a5 E3a5 E3a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a1a1d E1b1a1a1d
E-M10 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a6 E3a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a6 E3a6 E3a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a1a1e E1b1a1a1e
E-M35 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b* E3b E1b1b1 E1b1b1 E3b1 E3b1 E1b1b1 E1b1b1 E1b1b1 removed removed
E-M78 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b1* E3b1 E1b1b1a E1b1b1a1 E3b1a E3b1a E1b1b1a E1b1b1a E1b1b1a E1b1b1a1 E1b1b1a1
E-M148 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b1a E3b1a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a1c1 E3b1a3a E3b1a3a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a1c1 E1b1b1a1c1
E-M81 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b2* E3b2 E1b1b1b E1b1b1b1 E3b1b E3b1b E1b1b1b E1b1b1b E1b1b1b E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1a
E-M107 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b2a E3b2a E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1a E3b1b1 E3b1b1 E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1a E1b1b1b1a1
E-M165 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b2b E3b2b E1b1b1b2 E1b1b1b1b1 E3b1b2 E3b1b2 E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b1a2a
E-M123 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b3* E3b3 E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E3b1c E3b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1b2a
E-M34 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b3a* E3b3a E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E3b1c1 E3b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1b2a1
E-M136 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3ba1 E3b3a1 E1b1b1c1a E1b1b1c1a1 E3b1c1a E3b1c1a E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1b2a1a1

Original Research Publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

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See also

Genetics

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3

Y-DNA E Subclades

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3

Y-DNA Backbone Tree

Evolutionary tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1[χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1 F2 F3 GHIJK
G HIJK
H IJK
IJ K
I J LT [χ 5]  K2
L T NO [χ 6] K2b [χ 7]   K2c K2d K2e [χ 8]
N O K2b1 [χ 9]    P
M S [χ 10] Q R
  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
  3. ↑ Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A0'1'2'3'4.
  4. ↑ Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
  5. ↑ Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
  6. ↑ Haplogroup NO (M214) is also known as Haplogroup K2a (although the present Haplogroup K2e was also previously known as "K2a").
  7. ↑ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
  8. ↑ Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a, also known as Haplogroup NO).
  9. ↑ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is similar to the former Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
  10. ↑ Haplogroup S (S-M230) was previously known as Haplogroup K5.

Notes

  1. ↑ Adams et al. (2008), shows an average frequency of 4.3% (49/1140) in the Iberian Peninsula with frequencies reaching 4% and 9% in two separate surveys of Galicia, 10% in Western Andalusia and Northwest Castile. However this study also includes 153 individuals from Majorca, Minorca and Ibiza islands as well as 24 individuals from Gascony which are not in the Iberian Peninsula. Without these 177 individuals, real average for Iberian Peninsula is 4.9% (47/963) , see table.
  2. ↑ (6 out of 112), "The presence of chromosomes of North African origin (E3b1b-M81; Cruciani et al., 2004) can also be explained by a Portuguese-mediated influx, since this haplogroup reaches a frequency of 5.6% in Portugal (Beleza et al., (2006)), quite similar to the frequency found in Rio de Janeiro (5.4%) among European contributors." Silva et al. (2006)
  3. ↑ As of 11 November 2008 for example, the E-M35 phylogeny project had records of four E-M123* tests, compared to 93 test results with E-M34.
  1. ↑ ISOGG (2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades - 2015
  2. ↑ ISOGG (2008)
  3. ↑ Karafet et al. (2008)
  4. ↑ Y Chromosome Consortium "YCC" (2002)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 ISOGG 2015
  6. ↑ E-M81, ll Experimental YTree v3.17, Nov 2015
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Arredi et al. (2004)
  8. ↑ E1b1b1b, YTree v3.8 at 10 April 2015
  9. ↑ Alvarez et al. (2009)
  10. ↑ Bosch et al. (2006)
  11. ↑ Robino (2008), Arredi (2004)
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Adams et al. (2008)
  14. ↑ Flores et al. (2005)
  15. ↑ Beleza et al. (2006)
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Capelli et al. (2009)
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Cruciani et al. (2004)
  19. ↑ Fregel et al. (2009), Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European, see table
  20. ↑ Ramos-Luisa et al. (2009)
  21. ↑ exluding recent immigration as only men with French surname were analysed
  22. ↑ Di Gaetano et al. (2009)
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Francalacci et al. (2013), Low-Pass DNA Sequencing of 1200 Sardinians Reconstructs European Y-Chromosome Phylogeny
  24. ↑ (8 out of 132), Mendizabal et al. (2008)
  25. ↑ (7 out of 295), Paracchini et al. (2003)
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Trombetta et al. 2015, Phylogeographic refinement and large scale genotyping of human Y chromosome haplogroup E provide new insights into the dispersal of early pastoralists in the African continent
  32. ↑ Henn et al. (2008)
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

References

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  • Trombetta B. "Phylogeographic Refinement and Large Scale Genotyping of Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E Provide New Insights into the Dispersal of Early Pastoralists in the African Continent" http://gbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/7/1940.long
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External links

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