Harriet Smithson

Harriet Constance Smithson
Portrait of Harriet Smithson (1800-1854) by Dubufe, Claude-Marie (1790-1864). Irish actress, wife of the composer Hector Berlioz. 1830. Oil on canvas, 40.5 x 32.5 cm. Inv. 1938F308. Located at the Musee Magnin, Dijon, France Painting by C.M. Dubufe, c. 1828.
Born	Harriet Constance (1800-03-18)March 18, 1800 Ennis, Co. Clare, Ireland
Died	Paris, France.
Occupation	Shakespearean Actress
Years active	1814–1837
Spouse(s)	Hector Berlioz (m. 1833)

Harriet Constance (1800–1854), most commonly known as Harriet Smithson, who also went by Henrietta Constance Smithson, Harriet Smithson Berlioz, and Miss H.C. Smithson, was a famous Shakespearean actress, who is best known as the first wife and muse of Hector Berlioz.

Early life

Harriet Smithson was born on March 18, 1800, at Ennis, Co. Clare, Ireland, between William Joseph Smithson and Mrs. Smithson. Her father was an actor and theatrical manager from Gloucestershire, England, and her mother was an actress whose full name is unknown. She also had a brother, Joseph Smithson, and a sister, whose name is never mentioned.

In October 1801, Harriet was left in the care of Reverend James Barrett, the pastor of the Church of Ireland, parish of Drumcliffe, and later the Dean of Killaloe. Barrett became her guardian and brought her up as though she were his own daughter. He instructed her "in the precepts of religion," and kept everything connected with the stage from her view. After Barrett's death on February 16, 1808, the Smithsons sent Harriet to a boarding school in Waterford.

Acting career

Irish beginning

On May 27, 1814, Smithson made her first stage appearance at the Theatre Royal (Dublin), as Albina Mandevill in Frederick Reynolds's The Will. Her performance was well received, and the Freeman's Journal gave her a positive review.

She certainly is a most interesting and promising young actress, and there is no doubt she would prove a great acquisition to Crow-street, in the line of performance which her taste, as well as her talents, incline her to pursue.

In 1815, Harriet Smithson took her parents' place in Montague Talbot's company in Belfast after they returned to Dublin. The season opened on January 1, 1816, where she extended her range in roles, performing in multiple comedies. She then traveled to Newry, Limerick, Dublin, and Burmingham, where she joined Robert Elliston's company. She spent the next two months playing over forty roles in varying genres.

Debut in London

Four years later, January 20, 1818, Smithson made her first London appearance at Drury Lane as Letitia Hardy in The Belle's Stratagem. Her first performance received mixed reviews from critics, but she quickly gained some favor of critics and performers as she obtained more experience.

She joined the permanent company at the Royal Coburg later that year. However, she rejoined Drury Lane Company in the autumn of 1820. On February 20, 1821, she filled in as the lead female role in Thérèse by John Howard Payne, when the casted actress fell ill.

Overall, the London public remembered her as The Times put it, “a face and features well adapted to her profession; but [an actress] not likely to make a great impression on a London audience, or to figure among stars of the first magnitude.”

Success in Paris

In 1827, Smithson made her Paris début as Lydia Languish in The Rivals at the Odéon theatre. Though she received negative reviews for this role, she was highly praised for her beauty and ability in the subsequent performance of She Stoops to Conquer.

On September 11, 1827, she was given the small part of Ophelia next to Charles Kemble in Shakespeare's Hamlet. She left a long lasting impression on the French through her interpretation of Ophelia's madness utilizing pantomime and natural presentation.

Miss Smithson acted the scene in which, robbed of her sanity, she takes her own veil to be her father's body with utmost grace and truth. The whole passage which seemed long and relatively insignificant and even exaggerated in reading, had tremendous impact on stage…The most remarkable feature of her acting is her pantomime; she adopts fantastic postures; and she uses the dying fall in her inflections, without ever ceasing to be natural…

The tremendous success of Hamlet led to the announcement of Romeo & Juliet, for September 15. Smithson was cast as Juliet, where she revolutionized the women's role in theater by becoming as important as her male counterpart, Romeo. Until this point, women's lines in theater were heavily cut and censored to deemphasize the role for the company's “restricted talent.” Again, the production was widely well received.

Miss Smithson was charged with the role of Juliet, and she was excellent in it. It was in the scene in the second act, where she has a night meeting with Romeo, that her acting began to attract the audience's attention. This scene is extremely beautiful, even though it is written with a studied refinement...Miss Smithson could not have been more graceful upon the balcony; her posture were full of truth, grace, and love...In her strong moments, she is no longer a woman, but a Fury or something approaching that...

On September 18, Shakespeare's Othello became the third Shakespeare tragedy to be performed by The English theater. Her performance as Desdemona was less effective, but the production was popular enough to be repeated the week after.

The English Theatre replaced the productions of tragedies with comedies, such as The Belle's Stratagem, The School for Scandal, Mrs. Centlivre's The Wonder, and Mrs. Cowley's The Weathercock. However, press's demand for more tragedies led to the production of The Tragedy of Jane Shore.

In this renowned tragedy, Smithson was cast as Jane Shore, the role in which she moved her audience to tears. The production soon became the most performed play in the English season. At the end of her time in France, she acted in several productions with famous actors such as, William Charles Macready, Edmund Kean, and Charles Kemble.

As shown by the two reviews above, Smithson became famous for her natural presentation of characters, striking pantomime, and beauty. She introduced the French to natural English theatrical techniques that allowed her to become her characters instead of simply portraying them. The new acting style, emphasizing drama and truth, which appealed to the French Romantics, prevailed over traditional French Classicists' idea of great acting. Soon, many French actresses started to imitate her methodology.

Back in London

As opportunities to continue her work in Paris dwindled, Smithson came back to London to perform Jane Shore. The production opened at Covent Garden on May 11, 1829 under unfavorable circumstances. Some audience members, who had read her reviews before she went to Paris, felt reluctant to attend the show. Furthermore, the London press was anxious to prove that their previous reviews of her average acting were accurate. Newspapers such as the Examiner gave the first performance a begrudging review:

Her action is easy and graceful though somewhat redundant. Her declamation and studied choice of attitudes show that she has been a careful student in the French school of High tragedy. Her voice from a peculiarity in its intonation has a monotonous effect…

However, just seven days after her next performance as Juliet, in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the press, including The Examiner, gave her glowing reviews:

Miss Smithson's performance of Juliet, take it as a whole, is by many degrees the best we have seen since the days of Miss O'Neil…She is the best tragic actress now in London.

After Covent Garden closed for the summer in 1832, Smithson toured around England to minor theaters performing almost exclusively in tragedies. In June, 1832, she joined the Theatre Royal, Haymarket, where she had limited success and received criticism about her weight.

End of career

In 1830, Smithson went back to Paris to set up an English theatre under her own management. She obtained the permission to perform at the Theater-Italien where she performed several unsuccessful plays. A year into setting up her new theatre, she broke her leg and was forced to put her career on pause until her leg healed. She was in great debt, as she did not have male relatives to defend her faire share and her mother and sister depended on her for support. Finally, on December 15, 1836, she had her last performance as Ophelia before her health degraded.

Smithson as a muse

Harrietsmithson

Smithson's genuine portrayal of her characters led to her fame and elusiveness. Until her fame, tragedy was considered primarily a man's realm. Her distinctly genuine, almost grotesque, interpretation of characters made way for subsequent actresses in tragedies. In this way, she set the standard of great acting for all actors.

Smithson's excellent acting muddled perceptions of her personality with that of her female characters. At the height of her career, she became the figurehead for the French Romantic movement. However, the many French Romantic pieces of art, plays, music, and written works she had inspired depicted her as Ophelia, Juliet, and Harriet. The most famous of these works was Hector Berlioz's Symphonie Fantastique. After Berlioz saw Smithson as Ophelia in 1827, he became infatuated with her, or rather "a dramatic image [of a woman] lent force by supreme art of Shakespeare and intensity by a highly charged occasion and performance." His obsession prompted him to compose the Symphonie Fantastique, which is known as the first great romantic symphony.

Marriage to Hector Berlioz

Berlioz discovered Smithson at the Odéon Theatre performing the roles of Juliet Capulet and Ophelia and immediately fell in love with her. He persistently sent her letters despite never having met her. For a brief period, he lived in an apartment where he could see her come home and watch her until she went to sleep. She ignored all of his advances until 1832, when she was invited to a performance of Lélio, a sequel to his Symphonie Fantastique, by a mutual friend. She realized that the symphony was about her and sent Berlioz a message congratulating him. Berlioz quickly received permission to meet her and they became lovers. Despite her quiet reluctance and opposition from both families and friends, they were married at the British Embassy (Paris) in October 3, 1833.

She was overjoyed when Louis Berlioz, the couple's only child, was born on 14 August 1834. Unfortunately, the happy times did not last. She soon became resentful and jealous of Berlioz as his musical success distanced him from her. As Smithson became extremely possessive and ill, Berlioz began to have an affair with Marie Recio, a singer at the Opéra. She eventually moved out of their matrimonial home on the rue Saint Vincent, Montmartre, to the rue Blanche in 1843, still financially supported by Berlioz.

Death

Toward the end of her life, Smithson suffered from paralysis, which left her barely able to move or speak. She died on March 3, 1854, at her home on the rue Saint Vincent, and was buried at the Cimetière Saint-Vincent. Berlioz later had her body re-interred at the Montmartre cemetery when Saint Vincent's was to be destroyed.

Theatric roles

Year	Title	Role	Playwright
1814	The Will	Albina Mandevill	Frederick Reynolds
1816	The School for Scandal	Lady Teazle	Richard Brinsley Sheridan
1816	Laugh When You Can	Mrs. Mortimer	Frederick Reynolds
1816	Lover's Vows	Amelia	Elizabeth Inchbald
1816	The Mountaineers	Floranthe	George Coleman
1816	The Stranger	Mrs. Haller	August von Kotzebue

Art of Harriet Smithson

• Claude Marie Paul Dubufe (1790-1864), oil on canvas, ca. 1830, Musée Magnin, Dijon. This portrait has been copied on a large oval image painted on a vase, Paris Porcelain, manufactured by Darte, ca. 1830, Musée de la Vie romantique, Paris (gift of the Friends of the Museum, 2009).

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  Harriet Smithson BERLIOZ, 1800-54 Irish actress, wife of Hector Berlioz, 1803-69 French composer, drawing by Deveria, Eugene (1808–65)Located at the Musée Hector Berlioz (maison natale) La Côte-Saint-André

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  Portrait of Harriet Smithson, Irish actress and wife of Hector Berlioz, 19th c.

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  George Clint - Harriet Smithson as Miss Dorillon, in "Wives as They Were, and Maids as They Are" by Elizabeth Inchb... - Google Art Project

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  Harrietsmithson

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  The Irish actress Harriett Constance Smithson (1800-1854), by George Clint

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  Harriet Smithson by Francis-Antoine Conscience

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  Portrait of Harriet Smithson (1800-1854) by Dubufe, Claude-Marie (1790-1864). Irish actress, wife of the composer Hector Berlioz. 1830. Oil on canvas, 40.5 x 32.5 cm. Inv. 1938F308. Located at the Musee Magnin, Dijon, France

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  Charles Kemble and Harriet Smithson as Romeo and Juliet

Further reading

• Short biography:  
• Collection of primary sources related to Harriet Smithson and her contemporaries:
• Novel based on Harriet Smithson's life:
• Mentions Harriet Smithson in brief: