Argyreia nervosa
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Argyreia nervosa | |
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Argyreia nervosa flowers (enlarge) | |
Scientific classification | |
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Species: |
A. nervosa
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Binomial name | |
Argyreia nervosa (Burm.f.) Bojer
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Synonyms | |
Argyreia speciosa (L.f.) Sweet |
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Argyreia nervosa is a perennial climbing vine native to the Indian subcontinent and introduced to numerous areas worldwide, including Hawaii, Africa, and the Caribbean. Though it can be invasive, it is often prized for its aesthetic value. Common names include Hawaiian baby woodrose, adhoguda अधोगुडा or vidhara विधारा (Sanskrit), elephant creeper and woolly morning glory. The two botanical varieties are A. n. var. nervosa described here, and A. n. var. speciosa, a species used in Ayurvedic medicine, but with little to no psychoactive value.
A. nervosa seeds contain various ergoline alkaloids such as ergine.[2] A study reported stereoisomers of ergine to be found in the seeds at a concentration of 0.325% of dry weight.[3]
Contents
History
A. nervosa is a rare example of a plant whose putative hallucinogenic properties were not recognized until recent times. While several of its cousins in the Convolvulaceae family, such as Rivea corymbosa (ololiuhqui) and Ipomoea tricolor (tlitliltzin), were used in shamanic rituals of Latin America for centuries, A. nervosa was not traditionally used for this purpose. Its properties were first brought to attention in the 1960s,[citation needed] despite the fact that the chemical composition of its seeds is nearly identical to those of the two species mentioned above, and the seeds contain the highest concentration of psychoactive compounds in the entire family.[citation needed]
Chemical constituents
The seeds of A. nervosa have been found to contain numerous chemical compounds.[4]
Glycosides
- Argyroside, (24R)-ergost-5-en-11-oxo-3β-ol-α-D-glucopyranoside, a steroidal glycoside unique to Argyreia nervosa[5]
Ergolines
Ergoline alkaloids of known percentage | ||
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Compound name | Percentage of dry seed weight constituted | Chemical structure |
Isoergine | 0.188% | |
Ergine | 0.136% | |
Ergometrine | 0.049% | |
Lysergic acid hydroxyethylamide | 0.035% | |
Isolysergic acid hydroxyethylamide | 0.024% | |
Elymoclavine | 0.022% | |
Ergometrinine | 0.011% | |
Chanoclavine | 0.016% |
Ergoline alkaloids of unknown percentage | ||
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Compound name | Chemical structure | |
Agroclavine | ||
Chanoclavine II | ||
Festuclavine | ||
Lysergene | ||
Lysergol | ||
Isolysergol | ||
Setoclavine | ||
Isosetoclavine |
Hydroxycinnamic acids
Hydroxycinnamic acids | ||
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Compound name | Chemical structure | |
Caffeic acid | ||
Ethyl caffeate |
Fatty acids
Fatty acids | ||
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Compound name | Chemical structure | |
Myristoleic acid | ||
Myristic acid | ||
Palmitic acid | ||
Linoleic acid | ||
Linolenic acid | ||
Oleic acid | ||
Stearic acid | ||
Nonadecylic acid | ||
Eicosenoic acid | ||
Heneicosylic acid | ||
Behenic acid | ||
12-methylmyristic acid | ||
15-methylstearic acid |
Glycosides of fatty acids | |
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Fatty acid | Chemical structure |
Palmitic acid | |
Oleic acid | |
Stearic acid | |
Behenic acid | |
Linoleic acid | |
Linolenic acid |
Legality
Seeds
In most countries, it is legal to purchase, sell, or germinate A. nervosa seeds. Depending on the country, it may be illegal to buy seeds with the intention to consume them, and several countries have outlawed ergine-containing seeds altogether.
Extracted chemicals
Extracting ergine from A. nervosa seeds is illegal in the USA, since it is classified as a schedule-III depressant by the DEA.[citation needed]
Benefits
Leaves
In an animal model of ulcers in rats, large doses of the extract of A. n. var. speciosa leaves (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight) showed dose-dependent antiulcer activity and cured the ulcers.[6]
Root
When an extract of A. nervosa root was administered to male mice, both mounting and mating activity increased, showing aphrodisiac activity. The litter from females inseminated by root-treated males also saw a significantly increased male:female ratio versus the control group, suggesting, but not confirming, the ethnomedical belief of increased male offspring is accurate. Mechanisms for the altered male:female ratio have yet to be explained.[7]
Flowers
When administered to male mice, an extract of A. nervosa flowers exhibited aphrodisiac activity to a similar degree of its root extract.[7]
References
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Argyreia nervosa. |
Wikispecies has information related to: Argyreia nervosa |
- List of Argyreia species containing hallucinogenic alkaloids
- PLANTS database entry
- Growing Hawaiian Baby Woodrose
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.pt:Argyreia
- Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014
- Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015
- Commons category link is defined as the pagename
- Convolvulaceae
- Decorative fruits and seeds
- Entheogens
- Flora of India
- Herbal and fungal hallucinogens
- Natural sources of lysergamides
- Medicinal plants of Asia
- Plants described in 1837