Heterodoxy (group)
Heterodoxy was the name adopted by a feminist debating group in Greenwich Village in the early 20th century.[1] It was notable for providing a forum for the development of more radical conceptions of feminism than the suffrage and women's club movements of the time.[2]
Heterodoxy was founded in 1912 by Marie Jenney Howe, who specified only one requirement for membership: that the applicant "not be orthodox in her opinion".[2] The luncheon club, which started with 25 members, met every two weeks on Saturdays.[2] The club was disestablished in the 1940s. Group members referred to themselves as "Heterodites".[3]
The club's members had diverse political views. The membership also included bisexual and lesbian women, in addition to heterosexuals.[2]
The group was considered important in the origins of American feminism.[4] Among the notable members were Susan Glaspell, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and Ida Rauh.[5]
Heterodites Alice Kimball, Alison Turnbull Hopkins, Doris Stevens, and Paula Jakobi were arrested in 1917 and 1918 suffrage protests, and served time in the Occoquan Workhouse, jail, or prison psychiatric wards.
Heterodoxy meetings were valuable sources of information on the struggles for women's rights for its members. Many non-members addressed the group, including Helen Keller, Margaret Sanger, Emma Goldman, and Amy Lowell.[6]
Members
The members of Heterodoxy lived primarily in Greenwich Village, Harlem, and the Lower East Side.[7] While some Heterodites were famous in their own right, little is known of many of them.[8]
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- Katharine Anthony
- Sara Josephine Baker
- Stella Cominsky Ballantine
- Bessie Beatty
- Edwine Behre
- Frances Maule Bjorkman
- Mary Bookstaver
- Elinor Byrns
- Elizabeth Ellsworth Cook
- Marion Cothren
- Mabel Potter Daggett
- Maida Castellun Darnton
- Agnes de Mille
- Anna George de Mille
- Mary Dennett
- Rheta Childe Dorr
- Elsie Dufour
- Crystal Eastman
- Edith Ellis
- Mateel Howe Farnham
- Mary Fels
- Eleanor Fitzgerald
- Elizabeth Gurley Flynn
- Zona Gale
- Charlotte Perkins Gilman
- Susan Glaspell
- Myran Louise Grant
- Beatrice Forbes-Robertson Hale
- Ruth Hale
- Anne Herendeen
- Ami Mali Hicks
- Beatrice M. Hinkle
- Leta Stetter Hollingworth
- Alison Turnbull Hopkins
- Marie Jenney Howe
- Helen Hull
- Fannie Hurst
- Elisabeth Irwin
- Inez Haynes Irwin
- Paula O. Jakobi
- Grace Nail Johnson
- Gertrude B. Kelley
- Edna Kenton
- Fannie Kilbourn
- Alice Mary Kimball
- Fola La Follette
- Ellen La Motte
- Eleanor Lawson
- Katherine Leckie
- Rose Strunsky Lorwin
- Mabel Dodge Luhan
- Mary Margaret McBride
- Inez Milholland
- Alice Duer Miller
- Elsie Clews Parsons
- Mary Field Parton
- Ruth Pickering Pinchot
- Grace Potter
- Ida Sedgwick Proper
- Nina Wilcox Putnam
- Ida Rauh
- Henrietta Rodman
- Netha Roe
- Lou Rogers
- Florence Guy Woolston Seabury
- Mary Shaw
- Anne O'Hagan Shinn
- Sarah Field Splint
- Doris Stevens
- Rose Pastor Stokes
- Vida Ravenscroft Sutton
- Kathleen de Vere Taylor
- Signe Kristine Toksvig
- Mary Logan Tucker
- Mary Heaton Vorse
- Helen Westley
- Vira Boarman Whitehouse
- Margaret Widdemer
- Margaret Wycherly
- I. A. R. Wylie
- Rose Emmet Young
Notes
- ↑ William A Taylor, "The Power of the Word: Greenwich Village Writers and the Golden Fleece" chapter 8 of In Pursuit of Gotham: Culture and Commerce in New York Oxford University Press, 1992, p. 127
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Schwarz 1986, p. 107
- ↑ carol anne douglas Review of Radical feminists of Heterodoxy : Greenwich Village, 1912-1940. In: Off Our Backs, v12 n10 (November 1982): 23
- ↑ Judith Schwarz, Radical feminists of Heterodoxy : Greenwich Village, 1912-1940 Norwich, Vt. : New Victoria Publishers, 1986. ISBN 978-0-934678-08-7
- ↑ Schwarz 1986, p. 19
- ↑ Schwarz 1986, p. 1
- ↑ Schwarz 1986, pp. 115–128
References
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