Hypersensitivity
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| Hypersensitivity | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
| Specialty | Allergy and immunology |
| ICD-10 | T78.4 |
| ICD-9-CM | 995.3 |
| DiseasesDB | 28827 |
| Patient UK | Hypersensitivity |
| MeSH | D006967 |
Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity reaction or intolerance) is a set of undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity. These reactions may be damaging, uncomfortable, or occasionally fatal. Hypersensitivity reactions require a pre-sensitized (immune) state of the host. They are classified in four groups after the proposal of P. G. H. Gell and Robin Coombs in 1963.[1]
Coombs and Gell classification
| Type | Alternative names | Often mentioned disorders | Mediators | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | Allergy (immediate) | Fast response which occurs in minutes, rather than multiple hours or days. Free antigens cross link the IgE on mast cells and basophils which causes a release of vasoactive biomolecules.
Testing can be done via skin test for specific IgE.[2] |
||
| II | Cytotoxic, antibody-dependent |
|
|
Antibody (IgM or IgG) binds to antigen on a target cell, which is actually a host cell that is perceived by the immune system as foreign, leading to cellular destruction via the MAC.
Testing includes both the direct and indirect Coombs test.[3] |
| III | Immune complex disease |
|
Antibody (IgG) binds to soluble antigen, forming a circulating immune complex. This is often deposited in the vessel walls of the joints and kidney, initiating a local inflammatory reaction.[4] | |
| IV | Delayed-type hypersensitivity,[2][3] cell-mediated immune memory response, antibody-independent |
|
Helper T cells (specifically Th1 helper t cells) are activated by an antigen presenting cell. When the antigen is presented again in the future, the memory Th1 cells will activate macrophages and cause an inflammatory response. This ultimately can lead to tissue damage. [6] | |
| V | Autoimmune disease, receptor mediated (see below) |
|
Type V
This is an additional type that is sometimes (often in the UK) used as a distinction from Type 2.[7]
Instead of binding to cell surface s, the antibodies recognise and bind to the cell surface receptors, which either prevents the intended ligand binding with the receptor or mimics the effects of the ligand, thus impairing cell signaling.[citation needed]
Some clinical examples:
The use of Type 5 is rare. These conditions are more frequently classified as Type 2, though sometimes they are specifically segregated into their own subcategory of Type 2.[citation needed]
See also
References
- ↑ Gell PGH, Coombs RRA, eds. Clinical Aspects of Immunology. 1st ed. Oxford, England: Blackwell; 1963. Section IV, Chapter 1[page needed]
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions at eMedicine
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Le, Tau. First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2013, p. 203-204
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
External links
de:Überempfindlichkeitsreaktion
- ↑ Basic Pathology - Robbins et al - 9th edition
