I'm OK, You're OK

For the Jason Falkner album, see I'm OK, You're OK (album).

I'm OK, You're OK

Author	Thomas Anthony Harris
Country	United States
Language	English
Genre	Self-help
Publisher	Harper & Row
Publication date	1969
Media type	Print (Hardcover)
Pages	320
ISBN	978-0060724276

I'm OK, You're OK by Thomas Anthony Harris is one of the best selling self-help books ever published. It is a practical guide to Transactional Analysis as a method for solving problems in life. From its first publication during 1969, the popularity of I'm OK, You're OK gradually increased until, during 1972, it made the New York Times Best Seller list and remained there for almost two years. It is estimated by the publisher to have sold over 15 million copies to date and to have been translated into over a dozen languages.

Content

In the preface, Harris praises the then-new procedure of Transactional Analysis (TA, or as Harris often refers to it, P-A-C) as a major innovation addressing the slow process and limited results that he and other psychiatric practitioners believed was characteristic of conventional psychiatry.

Harris' context for the book

Rather than working with abstract concepts of consciousness, Harris suggests that the pioneering work of brain surgeon Wilder Penfield in uncovering the neurological basis of memory could offer complementary insights grounded in observable reality. Specifically, Harris emphasizes reports of Wilder’s experiments stimulating small areas of the brains of conscious patients undergoing brain surgery (the brain does not have any pain receptors, so this can be done in relative comfort for the patient). Though the patients were conscious that they were on an operating table, the stimulation also caused them to recall specific past events in vivid detail—not just facts of the event, but as a vivid "reliving" of "what the patient saw and heard and felt and understood" when the memory was created. Based on these experiments, Harris postulates that the brain records past experiences like a tape recorder, in such a manner that it is possible subsequently to relive past experiences with all their original emotional intensity.

Harris continues by linking his interpretation of Wilder’s experiments to the work of Eric Berne, whose model of psychotherapy is based on the idea that emotionally intense memories from childhood are ever-present in adults. Their influence can be understood by carefully analysing the verbal and non-verbal interchanges (‘transactions’) between people, hence Berne’s name for his model: Transactional Analysis. Harris sees great merit in the ability of TA to define basic units through which human behaviour can be analysed—the ‘strokes’ that are given and received in a ‘transaction’ between two or more people—and a standardised language for describing those strokes. This readily understood standardisation, and the association Harris develops between TA and Wilder’s neuroscience, gives TA a degree of credibility not possessed by earlier abstract models such as that developed by Freud.

The Parent, Adult, Child (P-A-C) Model

After describing the context for his belief of the significance of TA, Harris describes TA, starting from the observation that a person’s psychological state seems to change in response to different situations. The question is, from what and to what does it change? Harris answers this through a simplified introduction to TA, explaining Berne’s proposal that there are three states into which a person can switch: the Parent, the Adult and the Child.

Harris describes the mental state called the Parent by analogy, as a collection of "tape recordings" of external influences that a child observed adults doing and saying. The recording is a long list of rules and admonitions about the way the world is that the child was expected to believe unquestioningly. Many of these rules (for example: "Never run out in front of traffic") are useful and valid all through life; others ("Premarital sex is wrong", or "You can never trust a cop") are opinions that may be less helpful.

In parallel with those Parent recordings, the Child is a simultaneous recording of internal events — how life felt as a child. Harris equates these with the vivid recordings that Wilder Penfield was able to cause his patients to re-live by stimulating their brains. Harris proposes that, as adults, when we feel discouraged, it is as if we are re-living those Child memories yet the stimulus for re-living them may no longer be relevant or helpful in our lives.

According to Harris, humans start developing a third mental state, the Adult, about the time children start to walk and begin to achieve some measure of control over their environment. Instead of learning ideas directly from parents into the Parent, or experiencing simple emotion as the Child, children begin to be able to explore and examine the world and form their own opinions. They test the assertions of the Parent and Child and either update them or learn to suppress them. Thus the Adult inside us all develops over time, but it is very fragile and can be readily overwhelmed by stressful situations. Its strength is also tested through conflict between the simplistic ideas of the Parent and reality. Sometimes, Harris asserts, it is safer for a person to believe a lie than to acknowledge the evidence in front of them. This is called Contamination of the Adult.

Four life positions

The phrase I'm OK, You're OK is one of four "life positions" that each of us may take. The four positions are:

1. I'm Not OK, You're OK
2. I'm Not OK, You're Not OK
3. I'm OK, You're Not OK
4. I'm OK, You're OK

The most common position is I'm Not OK, You're OK. As children we see that adults are large, strong and competent and that we are little, weak and often make mistakes, so we conclude I'm Not OK, You're OK. Children who are abused may conclude I'm Not OK, You're Not OK or I'm OK, You're Not OK, but this is much less common. The emphasis of the book is helping people understand how their life position affects their communications (transactions) and relationships with practical examples.

I’m OK, You’re OK continues by providing practical advice to begin decoding the physical and verbal clues required to analyze transactions. For example, Harris suggests signs that a person is in a Parent ego state can include the use of evaluative words that imply judgment based on an automatic, axiomatic and archaic value system: words like ‘stupid, naughty, ridiculous, disgusting, should or ought’ (though the latter can also be used in the Adult ego state).

Harris introduces a diagrammatic representation of two classes of communication between individuals: complementary transactions, which can continue indefinitely, and crossed transactions, which cause a cessation of communication (and frequently an argument). Harris suggests that crossed transactions are problematic because they "hook" the Child ego state of one of the participants, resulting in negative feelings. Harris suggests that awareness of this possibility, through TA, can give people a choice about how they react when confronted with an interpersonal situation which makes them feel uncomfortable. Harris provides practical suggestions regarding how to stay in the Adult ego state, despite the provocation.

Having described a generalized model of the ego states inside human beings, and the transactions between them, Harris then describes how individuals differ. He argues that insights can be gained by examining the degree to which an individual’s Adult ego state is contaminated by the other ego states. He summarizes contamination of the Adult by the Parent as "prejudice" and contamination of the Adult by the Child as "delusion". A healthy individual is able to separate these states. Yet, Harris argues, a functioning person does need all three ego states to be present in their psyche in order for them to be complete. Someone who excludes (i.e. blocks out) their Child completely cannot play and enjoy life; while someone who excludes their Parent ego state can be a danger to society (they may become a manipulative psychopath who does not feel shame, remorse, embarrassment or guilt).

Harris also identifies from his medical practice examples of individuals with blocked out Adult ego states, who were psychotic, terrified and varied between the Parent ego state's archaic admonitions about the world and the raw emotional state of the Child, making them non-treatable by therapy. For such cases, Harris endorses drug treatments, or electro-convulsive therapy, as a way to temporarily disrupt the disturbing ego states, allowing the “recommissioning” of the Adult ego state by therapy. Harris reports a similar approach to treating Manic Depression.

The second half of the book begins by briefly describing the six ways that TA practitioners recognize individuals use to structure time, to make life seem meaningful. Harris continues by offering practical case studies showing applications of TA to Marriage and the raising of both Children and Adolescents. This section of I’m OK, You’re OK concludes as Harris describes when TA can be relevant to an individual’s life, and how and by whom it might be delivered. He promotes the idea that TA is not just a method for specialists, but can be shared and used by many people.

Having described such a structured method of dealing with the challenges of human psychology, the final two chapters of the book discuss the question of improving morality and society. In particular, he asks, if we are not to succumb to domination by the Parent ego state, how can individuals enlightened through TA know how they should live their lives? Starting from his axiomatic statement I’m OK, You’re OK, he acknowledges that accepting it at face value raises the same philosophical dilemmas as the problem of evil does for believers in a just, omnipotent God. Harris continues to explore aspects of Christianity with reference to TA, together with more generalized questions about the nature of religion.

The final chapter of I’m OK, You’re OK refers to social issues contemporary at the time of writing, including the Cold War, Vietnam war and the contemporary controversial research of individuals’ response to authority conducted by psychologist Stanley Milgram. Harris applies TA to these issues and concludes his book with the hope that nations will soon gain the maturity to engage in Adult to Adult dialogue, rather than conducting diplomacy in the collective archaic ego states of Parent or Child, which he sees as causing war and disharmony.

Editions

The book was published first during 1969 in the United States by Harper & Row, then republished as I'm OK- You're OK (ISBN 0-380-00772-X). In the United Kingdom it was published first during 1970 by Jonathan Cape with the title The Book of Choice. It is still in print, published by Harpercollins.

Criticism

Several decades have now elapsed since Harris published I'm OK, You're OK, so inevitably some of the cultural references which might have seemed new and relevant when the book was first published may now seem dated and less accessible to contemporary readers who do not remember the 1960s. In some places the book also has a US-centric view of the world. Finally, Harris' optimistic projection of TA as a near-universal panacea has not been realised (the panacea may have also been his attempt at finding a suitable ending to his book. A person of his experience - as in the observations of human nature he mentioned in the book—would very well know that a concept such as TA would not be sufficient to heal the entire world).

The work of Wilder Penfield concerning human memory, which appeared to Harris to give TA special credibility because it inferred a direct association with neuroscience, has not proved readily repeatable.

Harris's assertion that a child does not mature with the life position I'm OK - You're OK without therapy has been criticised as positioning TA as a quasi-religious soteriology. However the assertion is counter to other TA authorities. Harris' assertion that all children start out with an I'm not OK, You're OK life position was contested by his friend Eric Berne, the originator of TA, who believed that the natural state of a child was feeling I'm OK, You're OK.

Against these criticisms, this book is not intended as an academic or theoretical introduction to Transactional Analysis. Nor is it an attempt to deal with advanced topics of psychopathology. Rather, Harris emphasizes that his ambition is to offer a popular science interpretation of TA.

Influence on popular culture

The name of the book has since become used commonly, often as a dismissive categorization of all popular psychology philosophies as being overly accepting. The phrase I'm OK, You're OK is a common cliché in Anglophone culture, at least among an older generation more accustomed to hearing the phrase. Examples of the influence elsewhere are:

• In the 2000 movie, The Kid the protagonist played by Bruce Willis meets his 9 year old loser self. After Bruce learns to love his past "loser" self, the two of them are jumping up and down hugging shouting several times: "I'm okay; you're okay!"
• A side project of MxPx called The Cootees had a song named I'm OK, You're OK. (this song was later "covered" by MxPx themselves)
• Punk rock band The Dickies also had a song named I'm OK, You're OK.
• In the 1987 movie, Raising Arizona, the character played by Nicolas Cage told his wife, played by Holly Hunter, "I'm OK, You're OK" after a botched armed robbery.
• The Foo Fighters released a 1995 MTV concert from England called I'm OK, Eur OK.
• One parody of the book has the title, I'm OK, You're not so hot.
• A company sells bumper stickers that reads, "I'm OK, you're a sh--head."
• Wendy Kaminer wrote a critique of the self-help business during 1992, named I'm Dysfunctional, You're Dysfunctional.
• In Seinfeld Season 2, Episode 1 The Ex-Girlfriend, George Costanza left behind 5 books at his ex-girlfriend Marlene's place after he broke up with her. He enlists his friend Jerry Seinfeld to help him retrieve the books, in order to spare himself the potential of any awkward embarrassment. The books, one of which is I’m OK - You’re OK, are shown on a table top at Monk's Café, where Jerry meets up with Marlene for a drink.
• George Carlin parodied the name in his Join the Book Club routine, offering the book I Suck, You Suck.
• Sean Maguire owns a copy of the book, which is displayed in the movie Good Will Hunting.
• In one episode of the ABC television sitcom Taxi, character Latka Gravas suffers from multiple personality disorder. One of his personalities is a cowboy called Arlo who favors urban cowboy fashion. Cool, outgoing personality Vic Ferrari, upon replacing Arlo, remarks on his clothes as he finds himself in a psychiatrist’s office, “What is this? The I’m OK, You’re OK Corral?”
• In The Odd Couple, Season 3, Episode 13 "I Gotta Be Me," Felix tells Oscar he bought a new bestseller on psychiatry entitled "Finding Your Marbles" by the author of "I'm OK, You're Not."
• In the clay-animated film Mary and Max, Max's imaginary friend is sitting in the corner and reading I'm OK, you're OK among other self-help books.
• A copy of the book can be seen in the Guidance Counselor's Office in the opening scene of the film The Breakfast Club.
• In the popular television show ALF, season four, episode five we see ALF taking on the heavy topic of TA with direct reference to OKness, and even says to Willie, "I'm OK, You're OK."
• One of the joke book titles viewable at the end of a game of Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri is I'm OK, You're A Drone.
• In the comedy Airplane II: The Sequel, the case carried by the bomber also contains a copy of "I'm Alright,You're Alright".

External links

• http://www.ericberne.com/ – Dr. Eric Berne
• http://www.drthomasharris.com/im-ok-youre-ok-book-thomas-harris/ – Information on Dr. Thomas A. Harris and I'm OK - You're OK