Iranian Intermezzo
The term Iranian Intermezzo[1] represents a period in history which saw the rise of various native Iranian Muslim dynasties in the Iranian plateau. This term is noteworthy since it was an interlude between the decline of Abbāsid Arab rule and power and the eventual emergence of the Seljuq Turks in the 11th century. The Iranian revival consisted of Iranian support based on Iranian territory and most significantly a revived Iranian national spirit and culture in an Islamic form.[2]
Contents
Muslim Iranian dynasties
Tahirids (821–873)
The Tahirid dynasty, (Persian: سلسله طاهریان) was an Iranian Persian dynasty that ruled over the northeastern part of Greater Iran, in the region of Khorasan (made up of parts of present-day Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan). The Tahirid capital was located in Nishapur.
Saffarids (861–1003)
The Saffarid dynasty (Persian: سلسله صفاریان), was an Iranian Persian empire[3] which ruled in Sistan (861–1003), a historical region in southeastern Iran and southwestern Afghanistan.[4] Their capital was Zaranj.
Samanids (875/819–999)
The Samanid dynasty (Persian: سلسلهٔ سامانیان), also known as the Samanid Empire or simply Samanids (819–999)[5] (Persian: سامانیان Sāmāniyān) was an Iranian empire[6] in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan, named after its founder Saman Khuda who converted to Sunni Islam[7] despite being from Zoroastrian theocratic nobility.
With their roots stemming from the city of Balkh (in present-day Afghanistan), the Samanids promoted the arts, giving rise to the advancement of science and literature, and thus attracted scholars such as Rudaki and Avicenna. While under Samanid control, Bukhara was a rival to Baghdad in its glory. Scholars note that the Samanids revived Persian more than the Buyids and the Saffarids, while continuing to patronize Arabic to a significant degree. Nevertheless, in a famous edict, Samanid authorities declared that "here, in this region, the language is Persian, and the kings of this realm are Persian kings."
Buyyids (932–1055)
Buyid dynasty, also known as the Buyid Empire[8] or the Buyids (Persian: آل بویه Āl-e Buye, Caspian: Bowyiyün), also known as Buwaihids or Buyyids, were a Shī‘ah Persian[9][10][11][12] dynasty that originated from Daylaman. They founded a confederation that controlled most of modern-day Iran and Iraq in the 10th and 11th centuries. Indeed, as Dailamite Iranians the Būyids consciously revived symbols and practices of Persia's Sassānid dynasty. In fact, beginning with 'Adud al-Daula they used the ancient Sassānid title Shāhanshāh (Persian: شاهنشاه), literally meaning king of kings.
Sallarids (942–979)
The Sallarid dynasty (also referred to as the Musafirids or Langarids) was an Islamic Persian dynasty principally known for its rule of Iranian Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan, and a part of Armenia from 942 until 979.
References
- ↑ Such an obviously coined designation was introduced by Vladimir Minorsky, "The Iranian Intermezzo", in Studies in Caucasian history (London, 1953) and has been taken up by Bernard Lewis, among others, in his The Middle East: A brief history of the last 2,000 years (New York, 1995).
- ↑ The Middle East: 2,000 Years of History from the Rise of Christianity to the Present Day (pgs. 81–82) – Bernard Lewis
- ↑ The Cambridge History of Iran, By Richard Nelson Frye, William Bayne Fisher, John Andrew Boyle, Published by Cambridge University Press, 1975, ISBN 0-521-20093-8, ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6; pg. 121.
- ↑ Nancy Hatch Dupree – An Historical Guide To Afghanistan – Sites in Perspective (Chapter 3)... Link
- ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, Online Edition, 2007, Samanid Dynasty, LINK
- ↑
- A historical atlas of Uzbekistan, By Aisha Khan, Published by The Rosen Publishing Group, 2003, ISBN 0-8239-3868-9, ISBN 978-0-8239-3868-1, pg. 23;
- The Cambridge History of Iran, By Richard Nelson Frye, William Bayne Fisher, John Andrew Boyle, Published by Cambridge University Press, 1975, ISBN 0-521-20093-8, ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6, pg. 164;
- The New Encyclopædia Britannica, By Encyclopædia Britannica Publishers, Inc. Staff, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc, Published by Encyclopædia Britannica, 1987, ISBN 0-85229-443-3, ISBN 978-0-85229-443-7, pg. 891;
- The monumental inscriptions from early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana, By Sheila Blair, Published by BRILL, 1992, ISBN 90-04-09367-2, ISBN 978-90-04-09367-6, pg. 27.
- ↑ The History of Iran By Elton L. Daniel, pg. 74
- ↑
- Busse, Heribert (1975), "Iran Under the Buyids", in Frye, R. N., The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs., Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 270: "Aleppo remained a buffer between the Buyid empire and Byzantium".
- Joseph Reese Strayer (1985), "Dictionary of the Middle Ages", Published by Scribner, 1985.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Columbia University, 1996. pg 154–155.
- ↑ "Buyid Dynasty." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Jan. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9018373>
- Use dmy dates from October 2011
- Articles containing Persian-language text
- Iranian Intermezzo
- History of Azerbaijan
- History of Kazakhstan
- History of Kyrgyzstan
- History of Pakistan
- History of Tajikistan
- History of Turkmenistan
- History of Uzbekistan
- History of Islam
- 9th century in Iran
- 10th century in Iran
- 11th century in Iran
