John H. Russell, Jr.

For other people named John Russell, see John Russell (disambiguation).

John H. Russell, Jr.
File:John H. Russell.jpg 16th Commandant of the Marine Corps (1934-1936)
Birth name	John Henry Russell, Jr.
Born	(1872-11-14)November 14, 1872 Mare Island, California, U.S.
Died	Coronado, California, U.S.
Place of burial	Arlington National Cemetery
Allegiance	United States of America
Service/branch	United States Marine Corps
Years of service	1892–1894 (U.S. Navy) 1894–1936 (U.S. Marine Corps)
Rank	Major General
Battles/wars	Spanish–American War
Awards	Navy Distinguished Service Medal Navy Cross
Other work	Military journalist

John Henry Russell, Jr. (November 14, 1872 – March 6, 1947) was a major general and 16th Commandant of the Marine Corps. His only child was Brooke Astor, a noted philanthropist.

Life and career

Russell was born in Mare Island, California, the son of Rear Admiral John Henry Russell.

Appointed to the United States Naval Academy by President Grover Cleveland in May 1888, he graduated from the Academy in June 1892 and after two years at sea, passed his final examinations and was transferred to the Marine Corps as a second lieutenant on July 1, 1894.

File:USMC Officers stationed at Marine Barracks, Washington D.C. in 1896.tiff

USMC officers stationed at Marine Barracks, Washington D.C. in 1896. Then-Second Lieutenant Russell is third from the left.

Upon appointment as an officer in the Marine Corps, he attended the School of Application at the Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C., graduating in 1895. He was retained for another year at the School to conduct a class for noncommissioned officers.

Promotion to successive grades in the Marine Corps followed: first lieutenant, August 10, 1898; captain, March 3, 1899; major, June 6, 1906; lieutenant colonel, August 29, 1916; colonel, March 26, 1917; brigadier general, January 1, 1922; major general, September 1, 1933, and Major General Commandant on March 1, 1934.

To mention but a few of the outstanding tours of duty performed by Maj. Gen. Russell during his service in the Marine Corps the following are selected:

In 1896, he joined USS Massachusetts, North Atlantic Squadron, serving on board until after the Spanish–American War. The Commanding Officer of the vessel addressed a letter to the Secretary of the Navy commenting favorably on the conduct and performance of duty of John H. Russell in action and recommending recognition thereof by the Navy Department.

He next performed duty on Guam and upon his return to the United States was placed in charge of the School of Application for Officers at the Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C. While stationed at the Marine Barracks, he married Mabel Howard (1878-1967) on June 12, 1901. Following this tour of duty, and also duty at several navy yards, he was ordered to command the Marine Detachment, USS Oregon, remaining on board from September 1902 to March 1904. His next shore duty was in command of the school for young officers established at the Marine Barracks, Annapolis, Maryland. In 1906, he was transferred to the Marine Barracks, Naval Station, Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii. From that duty he was ordered to Camp Elliott, Panama Canal Zone, to command the Marines at that station.

In September 1908, he joined the Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, for duty as a member of the staff of that college, remaining there until 1910, and it was during this tour of service that the "applicatory method" of instruction was put into effect.

He commanded the Marine Detachment, American Legation, Peking, China, from November 14, 1910 to April 30, 1913. The change in the Chinese government from an empire to a republic, which took place during this period, and the attendant disorders in and around Peking made this tour of duty particularly interesting and difficult.

Upon his return to the United States, he was assigned duty in the Office of Naval Intelligence, Navy Department, where he served until 1917, with the exception of a tour of duty (temporary) from April 30 to December 5, 1914, commanding the 2d Battalion, 3d Regiment, U.S. Marines at Verz Cruz, Mexico, being detached to the U.S. Army during the period.

Early in March 1917, he assumed command of the 3rd Regiment, with headquarters in Santo Domingo City, Dominican Republic, and within a short period of time he was detached and ordered to command the 4th Regiment of Marines with headquarters at Santiago de los Caballeros, where he remained until October 1917, when he was detached and ordered to the Republic of Haiti to command the Marine Brigade serving in that country. He served in that capacity until December 7, 1918.

His repeated efforts for a transfer to detachments serving in France during World War I were finally successful, but delay in arrival of his relief in Haiti did not permit transfer from Port-au-Prince until after the Armistice was signed.

Upon arrival in Washington, he was ordered to duty in command of the "Planning Section" at Headquarters Marine Corps and served in that capacity until September 1919, when he again was ordered to duty in Haiti to command the 1st Brigade of Marines, serving in that capacity until February 1922, when, upon the unanimous recommendation to the President by the U.S. Senate Committee that had been investigating affairs in Haiti, he was appointed American High Commissioner to Haiti with the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary. Maj. Gen. Russell served with distinction in Haiti as High Commissioner until November 1930.

Upon his return to the United States, he was assigned to duty as Commanding General, Marine Corps Base, San Diego, California, and was transferred to command the Marine Barracks, Quantico, Virginia, in December 1931. He was detailed as Assistant to the Major General Commandant at Headquarters Marine Corps in February 1933. Maj. Gen. Russell was appointed Commandant of the Marine Corps on March 1, 1934, and remained in that position until his retirement December 1, 1936. Presumably, Russell ave. at the west end of the MCRD San Diego parade ground was named after General Russell.

During MajGen Russell's tenure as Commandant of the Marine Corps, the old system of seniority promotions of officers was changed to that of advancement by selection; the 1st Marine Brigade was withdrawn from Haiti; the Fleet Marine Force assumed a new importance; the Reserves were given more attention; and the number of ships carrying Marine detachments continued to increase.

Major General Russell continued in an active career as a military journalist after his retirement. He died in Coronado, California, on March 6, 1947 and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

Awards and decorations

In addition to numerous letters of commendation on his excellent performance of duty during his long and varied career, Maj. Gen. Russell was awarded:

	Navy Cross
Navy Distinguished Service Medal	Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal with West Indies Clasp	West Indes (Sampson) Medal
Spanish Campaign Medal	Haitian Campaign Medal	Haitian Médaille militaire

Namesake

USS Russell was named for him and his father.

References

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps.

Military offices
Preceded by Maj. Gen. Ben Hebard Fuller	Commandant of the United States Marine Corps 1934–1936	Succeeded by Lt. Gen. Thomas Holcomb