Jvari (monastery)

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The name of this monastery translated as the "Monastery of the Cross". For the Georgian monastery in Jerusalem with the same name, see Monastery of the Cross.
Jvari Monastery
File:Georgia Jvari monastery IMG 9345 2070.jpg
Jvari Monastery
Basic information
Location Mtskheta, Georgia
Affiliation Georgian Orthodox
Architectural description
Architectural type Church
Architectural style Tetraconch
Completed 586-605 AD, by King Stephen I of Kartli (Iberia)
Official name: Historical Monuments of Mtskheta
Type Cultural
Criteria iii, iv
Designated 1994 (18th session)
Reference no. 708
Region Europe

Jvari Monastery (Georgian: ჯვრის მონასტერი) is a sixth century Georgian Orthodox monastery near Mtskheta, eastern Georgia. Along with other historic structures of Mtskheta, it is listed as a World Heritage site by UNESCO.

History

Jvari Monastery stands on the rocky mountaintop at the confluence of the Mtkvari and Aragvi rivers, overlooking the town of Mtskheta, which was formerly the capital of the Kingdom of Iberia.

According to traditional accounts, on this location in the early 4th century Saint Nino, a female evangelist credited with converting King Mirian III of Iberia to Christianity, erected a large wooden cross on the site of a pagan temple. The cross was reportedly able to work miracles and therefore drew pilgrims from all over the Caucasus. A small church was erected over the remnants of the wooden cross in c.545 named the "Small Church of Jvari".

The present building, or "Great Church of Jvari", is generally held to have been built between 590 and 605 by Erismtavari Stepanoz I. This is based on the Jvari inscriptions on its facade which mentions the principal builders of the church: Stephanos the patricius, Demetrius the hypatos, and Adarnase the hypatos. Professor Cyril Toumanoff disagrees with this view, identifying these individuals as Stepanoz II, Demetre (brother of Stepanoz I), and Adarnase II (son of Stepanoz II), respectively.[1]

The importance of Jvari complex increased over time and attracted many pilgrims. In the late Middle Ages, the complex was fortified by a stone wall and gate, remnants of which still survive. During the Soviet period, the church was preserved as a national monument, but access was rendered difficult by tight security at a nearby military base. After the independence of Georgia, the building was restored to active religious use. Jvari was listed together with other monuments of Mtskheta in 1994 as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

However, over the centuries the structures suffered damage from rain and wind erosion and inadequate maintenance. Jvari was listed in the 2004 World Monuments Watch list by the World Monuments Fund.

Architecture

File:Ascension of the cross.JPG
Ascension of the Cross, bas-relief from the Jvari Monastery

The Jvari church is an early example of a "four-apsed church with four niches"[2] domed tetraconch. Between the four apses are three-quarter cylindrical niches which are open to the central space, and the transition from the square central bay to the base of the dome's drum is effected through three rows of squinches. This "four-apses four-niches" church design is found in the architecture of Georgia, Armenia, and Caucasian Albania, and is often referred to as a "Hripsime-type plan" after its best known example, the church of St. Hripsime in Armenia. The Jvari church had a great impact on the further development of Georgian architecture and served as a model for many other churches.

Varied bas-relief sculptures with Hellenistic and Sasanian influences decorate its external façades, some of which are accompanied by explanatory inscriptions in Georgian Asomtavruli script. The entrance tympanum on the southern façade is adorned with a relief of the Glorification of the Cross, the same façade also shows an Ascension of Christ.

Uncertainty over, and debate about, the date of the church's construction have assumed nationalist undertones in Georgia and Armenia, with the prize being which nation can claim to have invented the "four-apsed church with four niches" form.

Threats

Erosion is playing its part to deteriorate the monastery, with its stone blocks being degraded by wind and acidic rain.[3]

Gallery

  • Georgia, Mtskheta, Jivari. View from east (with lake)..jpg

    Georgia, Mtskheta, Jvari monastery. View from north-east with a mountain lake.

  • Georgia, Mtskheta, Jivari. View from east..jpg

    Georgia, Mtskheta, Jvari monastery. View from north-east.

  • Jvari Mtskheta view from south.jpg

    Mtskheta, Jvari monastery, view from South.

  • Georgia, Mtskheta, Jivari. Detail on outer south wall..jpg

    Georgia, Mtskheta, Jvari monastery. Stone carved relief on outer South wall.

  • Jivari, Mtskheta. Interior..jpg

    Jvari monastery, Mtskheta. Interior view with big wooden cross.

  • Jivari monastery, Mtskheta, Georgia. A tree with cloth ribbons and small pieces of canvas tied to its branches. Detail..jpg

    Jvari monastery, Mtskheta, Georgia. A tree with cloth ribbons and small pieces of canvas tied to its branches.

  • Mtskheta, Georgia — View of Jvari Monastery.jpg

    View of Jvari monastery

Notes

  1. ↑ Rapp, Stephen H. (2003), Studies In Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts, p. 344. Peeters Bvba ISBN 90-429-1318-5.
  2. ↑ J-M. Thierry & P. Donabedian, "Armenian Art" p67.
  3. ↑ ICOMOS Heritage at Risk 2006/2007: Jvari (Holy Cross) Monastery in Mtskheta

References

  • Abashidze, Irakli. Ed. Georgian Encyclopedia. Vol. IX. Tbilisi, Georgia: 1985.
  • ALTER, Alexandre. A la croisée des temps. Edilivre Publications: Paris, - (novel)- 2012. ISBN 978-2-332-46141-4
  • Amiranashvili, Shalva. History of Georgian Art. Khelovneba: Tbilisi, Georgia: 1961.
  • Grigol Khantsteli. Chronicles of Georgia.
  • Rosen, Roger. Georgia: A Sovereign Country of the Caucasus. Odyssey Publications: Hong Kong, 1999. ISBN 962-217-748-4

External links

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