Kalinga (India)
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Kalinga | |||||
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Kalinga c. 261 BC
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Capital | Not specified | ||||
Government | Not specified | ||||
History | |||||
• | Established | 3rd century BC | |||
• | Disestablished | 3rd century BC | |||
Today part of | India |
Kalinga was an early republic in central East India[when?] that comprised north eastern parts of modern state of Andhra Pradesh, most of the modern state of Odisha and a portion of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh States.[1][2][3] It was a rich and fertile land that extended from the Damodar River/Ganges to the Godavari River and from Bay of Bengal to the Amarkantak range in the west.[1] The region was scene of the bloody Kalinga War fought by Ashoka of the Maurya Empire approximately 265 BC.[4]
Contents
History
The core area of the historical Kalinga now forms the sea shore of Orissa and Andhra region of Andhra Pradesh, up to river Godavari state in India.
Kalinga is mentioned as "Calingae" in Megasthenes' Indica:
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The Prinas and the Cainas (a tributary of the Ganges) are both navigable rivers. The tribes which dwell by the Ganges are the Calingae, nearest the sea, and higher up the Mandei, also the Malli, among whom is Mount Mallus, the boundary of all that region being the Ganges.
— Megasthenes fragm. XX.B. in Pliny. Hist. Nat. V1. 21.9–22. 1.[5]
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The royal city of the Calingae is called Parthalis. Over their king 60,000 foot-soldiers, 1,000 horsemen, 700 elephants keep watch and ward in "procinct of war."
— Megasthenes fragm. LVI. in Plin. Hist. Nat. VI. 21. 8–23. 11.[5]
The Kalinga alphabet[6] derived from Brahmi was used for writing.
Kalinga was a powerful kingdom during the Mauryan era. The kingdom fell when emperor Ashoka led a war against the republic, leading to its bloody defeat in the Kalinga War. It seems to have gained independence soon by the time of king Kharavela.[7]
Pre-Mauryan
Mahapadma Nanda the ruler of Magadha is presumed to have conquered Kalinga during his reign around c. 350 BC. The Hathigumpha inscriptions mentions the suzerainty of the Nandas in the Kalinga region.[8] The inscriptions also mention irrigation projects undertaken by the Nanda kings in the state during their reign.[9]
In Asurgarh, beads and punched coins belonging to an unknown king dating to the pre-Mauryan period have been discovered.[10]
Ashoka's conquest
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Ashoka campaigned against the Kalingans and routed them in about 260 BC.[11] He defeated Raja Anantha Padmanabhan in the war resulting in the conquest of Kalinga and its incorporation into Maurya Empire.
Anantavarman Chodaganga
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In Mahabharata
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Kalinga is mentioned in the legendary epic Mahabharata, along with the Vodhas and again along with the Kiratas residing in the east, at (6,9). Kalinga King Srutayu is stated to have fought the Mahabharata war for the Kauravas. Kuru king Duryodhana's wife was from Kalinga. Kalingas sided with Duryodhana in the Kurukshetra War. The founders of five eastern kingdoms, which included: Angas (east, central Bihar), Vangas (southern West Bengal and Bangladesh), Kalingas (Sea shore of Orissa), Pundras (western Bangladesh and West Bengal, India), Suhmas (north-westernBangladesh and West Bengal) shared common ancestry. Two capitals (Dantapura and Rajapura) of Kalinga were mentioned in Mahabharata, probably there were many Kalinga kings, ruling different territories of Kalinga.[citation needed]
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kalinga, India. |
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 An Advanced History of India. By R. C. Majumdar, H. C. Raychaudhuri, and Kaukinkar Datta. 1946. London: Macmillan
- ↑ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/310196/Kalinga
- ↑ http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-02/visakhapatnam/35547536_1_jagannath-temple-kalinga-lord-jagannath
- ↑ Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas, 1961 (revision 1998); Oxford University Press
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Megasthenes Indica
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Agrawal, Sadananda (2000): Śrī Khāravela, Sri Digambar Jain Samaj, Cuttack, Odisha
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Thapar 2003, p. 180.
References
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Middle kingdoms of India | ||||||
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Timeline and
cultural period |
Northwestern India | Indo-Gangetic Plain | Central India | Southern India | ||
Western Gangetic Plain | Northern India
(Central Gangetic Plain) |
Northeastern India | ||||
IRON AGE | ||||||
Culture | Late Vedic Period | Late Vedic Period
(Brahmin ideology)[lower-alpha 1] |
Late Vedic Period
(Kshatriya/Shramanic culture)[lower-alpha 2] |
Pre-history | ||
6th century BC | Gandhara | Kuru-Panchala | Magadha | Adivasi (tribes) | ||
Culture | Persian-Greek influences | "Second Urbanisation"
Rise of Shramana movements |
Pre-history | |||
5th century BC | (Persian rule) | Shishunaga dynasty | Adivasi (tribes) | |||
4th century BC | (Greek conquests) |
Nanda empire |
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HISTORICAL AGE | ||||||
Culture | Spread of Buddhism | Pre-history | Sangam period (300 BC – 200 AD) |
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3rd century BC | Maurya Empire | Early Cholas
46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam |
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Culture | Preclassical Hinduism[lower-alpha 3] - "Hindu Synthesis"[lower-alpha 4] (ca. 200 BC - 300 AD)[lower-alpha 5][lower-alpha 6] Epics - Puranas - Ramayana - Mahabharata - Bhagavad Gita - Brahma Sutras - Smarta Tradition Mahayana Buddhism |
Sangam period
(continued) |
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2nd century BC | Indo-Greek Kingdom | Shunga Empire | Adivasi (tribes) | Early Cholas
46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam |
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1st century BC | Yona | Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty | ||||
1st century AD | Kuninda Kingdom | |||||
2nd century | Pahlava | Varman dynasty | ||||
3rd century | Kushan Empire | Western Satraps | Kamarupa kingdom | Kalabhras dynasty | ||
Culture | "Golden Age of Hinduism"(ca. AD 320-650)[lower-alpha 7] Puranas Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism |
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4th century | Gupta Empire | Kalabhras dynasty | ||||
5th century | Maitraka | Adivasi (tribes) | Kalabhras dynasty | |||
6th century | Kalabhras dynasty | |||||
Culture | Late-Classical Hinduism (ca. AD 650-1100)[lower-alpha 8] Advaita Vedanta - Tantra Decline of Buddhism in India |
|||||
7th century | Indo-Sassanids | Vakataka dynasty Empire of Harsha |
Mlechchha dynasty | Adivasi (tribes) | Pandyan Kingdom(Under Kalabhras) | |
8th century | Kidarite Kingdom | Pandyan Kingdom | ||||
9th century | Indo-Hephthalites (Huna) | Gurjara-Pratihara | Pandyan Kingdom | |||
10th century | Pala dynasty | Medieval Cholas | ||||
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References and sources for table
References Sources
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- Empires and kingdoms of India
- History of Odisha
- History of Andhra Pradesh
- History of Sri Lanka
- Jain empires and kingdoms