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Kandariya Mahadeva Temple

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Kandariya Mahadeva Temple(khajuraho temple)
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Name
Proper name Kandariya Mahadeva
Geography
Coordinates Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Location Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India
Culture
Primary deity Shiva (Mahadeva)
Architecture
Architectural styles North Indian
History and governance
Date built circa 1030
Creator King Vidyadhara of the Chandela dynasty

The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple (Devanagari: कंदारिया महादेव मंदिर, Kaṇḍāriyā Mahādeva Mandir), meaning "the Great God of the Cave", is the largest and most ornate Hindu temple in the medieval temple group found at Khajuraho in Madhya Pradesh, India. It is considered one of the best examples of temples preserved from the medieval period in India. The temple is dedicated to Shiva, in the form of a linga. It was made in 1030 by King Vidhyadhara of Chandela dynasty.

The name 'Kandariya' means "cave" and 'Mahadeva' ("The Great God") is an epithet of Shiva. The temple is decorated with more than 900 stone carvings and the stones are set without mortar; most of it on the exterior surface of the temple as the interior decoration is sparse.

Khajuraho was the capital of the Chandela rulers, a dynasty of Rajputs who ruled starting from early 10th century till 1050. The original complex built by the dynasty consisted of 85 temples of both Hindu and Jain religions. It is built to a five parts design which terminates in a shikara (tower) which has 84 miniature replicas or spires.

Location

File:Khajuraho temples map.jpg
Temples layout map of Khajuraho Group of Monuments: Kandariya Mahadeva Temple is in the western group

Kaṇḍāriyā Mahādeva Temple is located in the Chatarpur district of Madhya Pradesh in Central India.[1] It is in the Khajuraho village, and the temple complex is spread over an area of 6 square kilometres (2.3 sq mi).[2] It is in the western part of the village to the west of the Vishnu temple.[3][4]

The temple complex, in the Khajuraho village at an elevation of 282 metres (925 ft), is well connected by road, rail and air services. Khajuraho is 34 miles (55 km) to the south of Mahoba, 29 miles (47 km) away from the Chatarpur city to its east, 27 miles (43 km) away from Panna, 400 kilometres (250 mi) away from Jhansi on the north, and 600 kilometres (370 mi) to the south - east of Delhi. It is 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) from the railway station.[1][5] Khajuraho is served by Khajuraho Airport (IATA Code: HJR), with services to Delhi, Agra and Mumbai. It is 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from the temple.[5][6]

History

Khajuraho and Shubham were once the capital of the Chandela Rajputs. The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, one of the best examples of temples preserved from the medieval period in India.[1][7] is the largest of the western group of temples in the Khajuraho complex which was built by the Chandela rulers. Shiva is the chief deity in the temple deified in the sanctum sanctorium.[8] Chandela rulers were a clan of Rajputs who belonged to the indigenous tribe of the Bhars and the Gonds who claimed lineage to the ancient Lunar dynasty of the Kshatriyas, by creating legends. The temple is said to have been built by Vidhyadhara of the Chandela dynasty. This dynasty's first ruler was Nannuka who established his rule in the ninth century. In his lineage, the successor rulers were Vakapti, his sons Jayashakthi and Vijayashakthi, followed by Harsadeva and his son Lakshavarman also known as Yasovarman, who was succeeded by Danga who ruled for 52 years from 950 to 1002 followed by his son Vidhyadhara who ruled from 1017 to 1029.[1] At various periods of the reign of this dynasty many famous temples dedicated to Vishnu, Shiva, Surya, Shakti of the Hindu religion and also for the Thirthankaras of Jain religion were built. Vidhyadhara, also known as Bida in the recordings of the Muslim historian Ibn-al-Athir, who is credited with building the Kaṇḍāriyā Mahādeva Temple, was a powerful ruler who fought Muhammad of Ghazni in the first offensive launched by the latter in 1019.[1] This battle was not conclusive and Ghazni had to return back to Ghazni. Ghazni again waged war against Vidhyadhara in 1022. He attacked the fort of Kalinjar.[1] The siege of the fort was unsuccessful. It was lifted and Ghazni and Vidhyadhara called a truce and parted by exchanging gifts. Vidhyadhara celebrated his success over Ghazni and other rulers by building the Kaṇḍāriyā Mahādeva Temple, dedicated to his family deity Shiva. Epigraphic inscriptions on a pilaster of the mandapa in the temple mentions the name of the builder of the temple as Virimda, which is interpreted as the pseudonym of Vidhyadhara.[1] Its construction is dated to the period from 1025 and 1050 AD.[4] However, according to the UNESCO document, the largest and currently most famous surviving temple, the Kandariya Mahadeva, was built during the reign of King Ganda from 1017-1029 CE.[9] All the extant temples including the Kandariya Mahadeva Temple were inscribed in 1986 under the UNESCO List of World Heritage Sites under Criterion III for its artistic creation and under Criterion V for the culture of the Chandelas that was popular till the country was invaded by Muslims in 1202.[9][10]

Features

File:Architecture of the Khajuraho temples.jpg
Variuos features of the temple marked on the Kandariya Mahadeo Temple.
Simplified map of the temple

The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, 31 metres (102 ft) in height, is in the western complex, which is the largest among the three groups of the Khajuraho complex of temples.[11] This western group of temples, consisting of the Kandariya, Matangeshwara and Vishvanatha temples, is compared to a "cosmic design of a hexagon (a yantra or Cosmo gram)" representing the three forms of Shiva.[5] The temple architecture is an assemblage of porches and towers which terminates in a shikhara or spire, a feature which was common from 10th century on wards in the temples of Central India.[11]

The temple is founded on a massive plinth of 4 metres (13 ft) height.[12] The temple structure above the plinth is dexterously planned and pleasingly detailed.[13] The superstructure is built in a steep mountain shape or form, symbolic of Mount Meru which is said to be the mythical source of creation of the world.[8] The superstructure has richly decorated roofs which rise in a grand form terminating in the shikara, which has 84 miniature spires.[4] The temple is in layout of 6 square kilometres (2.3 sq mi), of which 22 are extant including the Kaṇḍāriyā Mahādeva Temple. This temple is characteristically built over a plan of 102 feet (31 m) in length and 67 feet (20 m) in width with the main tower soaring to a height of 102 feet (31 m), and is called the "largest and grandest temple of Khajuraho".[2][13][14] A series of steep steps with high rise lead from the ground level to the entrance to the temple.[15] The layout of the temple is a five part design, a commonality with the Lakshmana and Vishvanatha temples in the Khajuraho complex. Right at the entrance there is torana, a very intricately carved garland which is sculpted from a single stone; such entrances are part of a Hindu wedding procession.[4] The carvings on the entrance gate shows the "tactile quality of the stone and also the character of the symmetrical design" that is on view in the entire temple which has high relief carvings of the figurines. Finely chiseled, the decorative quality of the ornamentation with the sharp inscribed lines has "strong angular forms and brilliant dark-light patterns". The carvings are of circles, undulations giving off spirals or sprays, geometric patterns, masks of lions and other uniform designs which has created a pleasant picture that is unique to this temple, among all others in the complex.[13]

The main temple tower with 84 mini spires
File:India-5690 - Flickr - archer10 (Dennis).jpg
Erotic sculptures on the external walls of the temple

In the interior space from the entrance there are three mandapas or halls, which successively rise in height and width, which is inclusive of a small chamber dedicated to Shiva, a chamber where Shiva's wife, Parvati is deified, and a central sanctum or garbagriha (literal meaning "womb chamber") where the Shiva linga, the phallic emblem of Shiva is deified. The sanctum sanctorum is surrounded by interlinked passages which also have side and front balconies. Due to inadequate natural light in the balconies the sanctum has very little light thus creating a "cave like atmosphere" which is in total contrast to the external parts of the temple.[4][12][16][17] In the interior halls of the temple and on its exterior faces there are elaborately carved sculptures of gods and goddesses, musicians and apsaras or nymphs.[4] The huge pillars of the halls have architectural features of the "vine or scroll motif". In the corners of the halls there are insets which are carved on the surface with incised patterns.[13] There is a main tower above the sanctum and there are two other towers above the other mantapas also in the shape of "semi-rounded, stepped, pyramidal form with progressively greater height". The main tower is encircled by a series of interlinked towers and spires of smaller size.[18] These are in the form of a repeated subset of miniature spires that abut a central core which gives the temple an unevenly cut contour similar to the shape of a mountain range of mount Kailasa of the Himalayas where god Shiva resides, which is appropriate to the theme of the temples here.[17]

The exterior surfaces of the temples are entirely covered with sculptures in three vertical layers.[4] Here, there are horizontal ribbons carved with images, which shine bright in the sun light, providing rhythmic architectural features. Among the images of gods and heavenly beings, Agni, the god of fire is prominent.[13] They are niches where erotic sculptures are fitted all round which are a major attraction among visitors. Some of these erotic sculptures are very finely carved and are in mithuna (coitus) postures with maidens flanking the couple, which is a frequently noted motif. There is also a "male figure suspended upside" in coitus posture, a kind of yogic pose, down on his head.[4] The niches also have sculptures of Saptamatrikas, the septad of mother goddesses along with the gods Ganesha and Virabhadra. The seven fearful protector goddesses include: Brahmi seated on a swan of Brahma; Maheshwari with three eyes seated on Shiva's bull Nandi; Kumari; Vaishnavi mounted on Garuda; the boar-headed Varahi; the lion-headed Narasimhi and Chamunda, the slayer of demons Chanda and Munda.[4]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Ring, Salkin & Boda 1994, p. 468.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Abram 2003, pp. 420–21.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Allen 1991, p. 210.
  14. ↑ Abram 2003, p. 420-21.
  15. ↑ Ross 2009, pp. 280–81.
  16. ↑ Ross 2009, p. 281.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Asher & Talbot 2006, pp. 16–17.
  18. ↑ Ross 2009, p. 282.

Bibliography

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Further reading

  • Michell, George; Singh, Snehal. Hindu temples of India (PDF)
  • Khajuraho temples (PDF)
  • Surface, Space and Intention: The Parthenon and the Kandariya Mahadeva. Gregory D. Alles. History of Religions, Vol. 28, No.1, August 1988, pp. 1–36.

External links

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