Languages of the Philippines

See also: Philippine languages

Languages of the Philippines
Map of the dominant ethnolinguistic groups of the Philippines.
Official languages	Filipino (Tagalog) and English
National languages	Filipino
Regional languages	Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray-Waray, Yakan
Main foreign languages	Spanish, Arabic, Japanese, Chinese, Tamil, Korean, Malay
Sign languages	Philippine Sign Language
Common keyboard layouts	QWERTY

Language map of the 12 recognized auxiliary languages based on Ethnologue maps.

There are some 120 to 175 languages in the Philippines, depending on the method of classification. Four others are no longer spoken. Almost all are classified as Malayo-Polynesian languages, while one, Chavacano, is a creole derived from a Romance language. Two are official, while (as of 2015) nineteen are official auxiliary languages. The indigenous script of Philippines (Baybayin) is no longer used; instead, Filipino languages are today written in the Latin script because of the Spanish and American colonial experience.

National and official languages

The 1987 Constitution declares Filipino as the national language of the country. Filipino and English are the official languages, with the recognition of the regional languages as auxiliary official in their respective regions, including Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray-Waray, and Yakan. Spanish and Arabic are to be promoted on an optional and voluntary basis.

Spanish was the national and official language of the country for more than three centuries under Spanish colonial rule, and became the lingua franca of the Philippines in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1863 a Spanish decree introduced universal education, creating free public schooling in Spanish. It was also the language of the Philippine Revolution, and the 1899 Malolos Constitution effectively proclaimed it as the official language of the First Philippine Republic. National hero José Rizal wrote most of his works in Spanish. Luciano de la Rosa established that Spanish was spoken by a total of 60% of the population in the early 20th century as a first, second or third language. Following the American occupation of the Philippines and the imposition of English, the use of Spanish declined gradually, especially after the 1940s.

Under the U.S. occupation and civil regime, English began to be taught in schools. By 1901, public education used English as the medium of instruction. Around 600 educators (called "Thomasites") who arrived in that year aboard the USAT Thomas replaced the soldiers who also functioned as teachers. The 1935 Constitution added English as an official language alongside Spanish. A provision in this constitution also called for Congress to "take steps toward the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages." On November 12, 1937, the First National Assembly created the National Language Institute. President Manuel L. Quezón appointed native Waray-Waray speaker Jaime C. De Veyra to chair a committee of speakers of other regional languages. Their aim was to select a national language among the other regional languages. Ultimately, Tagalog was chosen as the base language December 30, 1937.

In 1939, President Manuel L. Quezón renamed the Tagalog language as Wikang Pambansa ("national language" in English translation). The language was further renamed in 1959 as Pilipino by Secretary of Education Jose Romero. The 1973 constitution declared the Pilipino language to be co-official, along with English, and mandated the development of a national language, to be known as Filipino. In addition, Spanish regained its official status when President Marcos signed Presidential Decree No. 155, s. 1973.

The present constitution, ratified in 1987, designates Filipino and English as joint official languages. Filipino also had the distinction of being a national language that was to be "developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages." Although not explicitly stated in the constitution, Filipino is in practice almost completely composed of the Tagalog language as spoken in the capital, Manila; however, organizations such as the University of the Philippines began publishing dictionaries such as the UP Diksyonaryong Filipino in which words from various Philippine languages were also included. The constitution also made mention of Spanish and Arabic, both of which are to be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.

Filipino is an official language of education and also the major language of the broadcast media and cinema, but less important than English as a language of publication (except in some domains, like comic books, which are meant to speak directly to the Filipino psyche) and less important for academic-scientific-technological discourse. Filipino is used as a lingua franca in all regions of the Philippines as well as within overseas Filipino communities, and is the dominant language of the armed forces (except perhaps for the small part of the commissioned officer corps from wealthy or upper-middle-class families) and of a large part of the civil service, most of whom are non-Tagalogs.

There are different forms of diglossia that exist in the case of regional languages. Locals may use their mother tongue or the regional lingua franca to communicate amongst themselves, but sometimes switch to foreign languages when addressing outsiders. Another is the prevalence of code-switching to English when speaking in both their first language and Tagalog.

The Constitution of the Philippines provides for the use of the vernacular languages as official auxiliary languages in provinces where Filipino is not the lingua franca. This is however not implemented as Filipinos at large are polyglots. In the case where the vernacular language is a regional language, Filipinos would speak in Filipino when speaking in formal situations while the regional languages are spoken in non-formal settings. This is evident in major urban areas outside Metro Manila like Camarines Norte in the Bikol-speaking area, and Davao in the Cebuano-speaking area. Although the case of Ilocano and Cebuano are becoming more of bilingualism than diglossia due to the publication of materials written in these languages.

The diglossia is more evident in the case of other languages such as Pangasinan, Kapampangan, Bikol, Waray, Hiligaynon, Sambal, and Maranao, where the written variant of the language is becoming less and less popular to give way to the use of Filipino. Although Philippine laws consider some of these languages as "major languages" there is little, if any, support coming from the government to preserve these languages. This may be bound to change, however, given current policy trends.

There still exists another type of diglossia, which is between the regional languages and the minority languages. Here, we label the regional languages as acrolects while the minority languages as the basilect. In this case, the minority language is spoken only in very intimate circles, like the family or the tribe one belongs to. Outside this circle, one would speak in the prevalent regional language, while maintaining an adequate command of Filipino for formal situations. Unlike the case of the regional languages, these minority languages are always in danger of becoming extinct because of speakers favoring the more prevalent regional language. Moreover, most of the users of these languages are illiterate and as expected, there is a chance that these languages will no longer be revived due to lack of written records.

Indigenous languages

The languages that have the largest number of speakers in a particular region. Note that on regions marked with black diamonds, the language with the most number of speakers denotes a minority of the population.

According to Ethnologue, a total of 182 native languages are spoken in the country and four languages have been classified as extinct: Dicamay Agta, Katabaga, Tayabas Ayta and Villaviciosa Agta. Except for English, Spanish, the varieties of Chinese (Philippine Hokkien, Cantonese, and Mandarin), and Chavacano, all of the languages belong to the Malayo-Polynesian language family.

There are 13 indigenous languages with at least one million native speakers: Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilokano, Hiligaynon, Waray-Waray, Kapampangan, Coastal Bikol, Pangasinan, Maranao, Maguindanao, Kinaray-a, and Tausug. One or more of these is spoken natively by more than 90% of the population.

A Philippine language family identified by Robert Blust includes languages of north Sulawesi and the Yami language of Taiwan, but excludes the Sama–Bajaw languages of the Sulu Archipelago as well as a couple of North Bornean languages spoken in southern Palawan.

Eskayan is an artificial auxiliary language created as the embodiment of a Bohol nation in the aftermath of the Philippine–American War. It is used by about 500 people.

Mutual intelligibility

Philippine languages are often referred to by Filipinos as dialects, partly as a relic of the inaccurate vocabulary used in literature during the American period (1898–1946). While there are indeed many hundreds of dialects in the Philippines, they represent variations of no fewer than 120 distinct languages, and many of these languages maintain greater differences than those between established European languages like French and Spanish.

The vast differences between the languages can be seen in the following translations of the Philippine national proverb:

Language	Translation
English	He/she who does not know how to look back at his/her origin will not arrive at his/her destination.
Aklanon	Ro uwa' gatan-aw sa anang ginhalinan hay indi makaabut sa anang ginapaeangpan.
Asi (Bantoanon)	Kag tawong waya giruromroma it ida ginghalinan, indi makaabot sa ida apagtuan.
Binol-anon	Sija nga di(with prolonged "i") kahibawng mulingi sa ijang gi-gikanan, di(with prolonged "i") gajud maka-abot sa ijang padul-ngan.
Butuanon	Kadtong dili kahibalo molingi sa iyang ginikanan, dili makaabot sa iyang gipadul-ngan.
West Miraya Bikol (Ligao)	Kan idi tatao magkiling sa inalian,idi makaabot sa papaidtuhan
??	An diri maaram mag-imud sa pinaghalian, diri makaabot sa pakakadtu-an.
Buhinon Bikol (Buhi)	Yu di nikiling sa pinagalinan, di makaantos sa pupuntahan.
Coastal Bikol (Canaman)	An dai tataong magsalingoy sa saiyang ginikanan, dai makakaabot sa padudumanan.
East Miraya Bikol (Daraga)	Su indi tataw makarumdom nung ginitan, indi makaabot sa adunan.
West Miraya Bikol (Oas)	Kan na taw na idi tataw mag linguy sa sanyang inalian, idi man maka abot sa sanyang paidtunan.
Rinconada Bikol (Iriga)	A dirî tattaoŋ maglīlî sa pinaŋgalinan, dirî makaaābot sa pig-iyānan.
Masbateño	An dili maaram maglingi sa ginhalian, kay dili makaabot sa kakadtuhan.
Capiznon	Ang indi kabalo magbalikid sa iya ginhalinan, indi makalab-ot sa iya palakadtuan.
Cuyonon	Ang ara agabalikid sa anang ing-alinan, indi enged maka-abot sa anang papakonan.
Cebuano	Kadtong dili kahibalo molingi sa iyang giagian, dili makaabot sa iyang padulngan.
Caviteño Chabacano	Quien no ta bira cara na su origen no de incarsa na su destinacion.
Ternateño Chabacano	Ay nung sabi mira i donde ya bini no di yega na destinasyon.
Zamboangueño Chavacano	El Quien no sabe vira el cara na su origen, nunca llega na su destinación.
Ibanag	I tolay nga ari mallipay ta naggafuananna, ari makadde ta angayanna.
Ifuntok	Nan Adi mang ustsong sinan narpuwan na, adi umtsan isnan umayan na.
Itawis	Ya tolay nga mari mallipay tsa naggafuananna, mari makakandet tsa angayanna.
Ilokano	Ti tao nga saan na ammo tumaliaw iti naggapuanna ket saan nga makadanon iti papananna.
Hiligaynon (Ilonggo)	Ang indi makahibalo magbalikid sang iya ginhalinan, indi makaabot sa iya padulungan.
Jama Mapun	Soysoy niya' pandoy ngantele' patulakan ne, niya' ta'abut katakkahan ne.
Kapampangan	Ing e byasang malikid king kayang penibatan, e ya miras king kayang pupuntalan.
Kinaray-a	Ang indi kamaan magbalikid sa ana ginhalinan, indi makaabot sa ana paaragtunan.
Manobo (Obo)	Iddos minuvu no konnod kotuig nod loingoy to id pomonan din, konna mandad od poko-uma riyon tod undiyonnan din.
Maranao	So tao a di matao domingil ko poonan iyan na di niyan kakwa so singanin iyan.
Malay	Orang yang melupakan asal-usulnya tak mungkin mencapai tujuannya.
Pangasinan	Say toon agga onlingao ed pinanlapuan to, agga makasabi'd laen to.
Romblomanon (Ini)	Ang tawo nga bukon tigo mag lingig sa iya guinghalinan hay indi makasampot sa iya ning pagakadtoan.
Sambal (Botolan)	Hay ahe nin nanlek ha pinag-ibatan, ay ahe makarateng ha lalakwen.
Sambal	Hay kay tanda mamanomtom ha pinangibatan, kay immabot sa kakaon.
Sangil	Tao mata taya mabiling su pubuakengnge taya dumanta su kadam tangi.
Sinama	Ya Aa ga-i tau pa beleng ni awwal na, ga-i du sab makasong ni maksud na.
Español	El que no sabe mirar atrás, de donde viene, nunca llegará a su destino.
Surigaonon	Adton dili mahibayo molingi sa ija ing-gikanan, dili gajod makaabot sa ija pasingdan.
Sorsoganon	An diri mag-imud sa pinaghalian diri makaabot sa kakadtuan.
Tayabas Tagalog	Ang hindi maalam lumingon sa pinaroonan ay hindi makakarating sa paroroonan.
Tagalog/Filipino	Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa paroroonan.
Tausug	In di' maingat lumingi' pa bakas liyabayan niya, di' makasampay pa kadtuun niya.
Waray-Waray (Leyte)	An diri maaram lumingi ha tinikangan, diri maulpot ha kakadtoan.
Waray-Waray (Northern Samar)	An diri maaram lumingi sa tinikangan, diri maulpot sa kakadtoan.
Yakan	Mang gey matau mamayam si bakas palaihan nen, gey tekka si papilihan nen.

Dialectal variation

The amount of dialectal variation varies from language to language. Languages like Tagalog and Kapampangan are known to have very moderate dialectal variation.

In the languages of the Bicol Region, however, there is great dialectal variation. There are towns which have their own dialects. Below is the sentence "Were you there at the market for a long time?" translated into certain varieties of Bikol. The translation is followed by dialect and language, and town in Bicol where they are spoken. The final translation is in Tagalog.

• Haloy ka duman sa saod? (Standard Coastal Bikol, a dialect of Coastal; Canaman, Camarines Sur)
• Aloy ka duman sa saod? (Magarao, a variety of Coastal Bikol; Magarao, Camarines Sur)
• Huray ka doon sa saod? (Northern Catanduanes Bicolano or Pandan Bikol; Pandan, Catanduanes)
• Naәban ikā sadtō sāran? (Rinconada Bikol; Iriga City)
• Nauban ikā sadtō sāran? (Rinconada Bikol; Nabua, Camarines Sur)
• Uban ika adto sa saod? (Libon, Albay Bikol; Libon, Albay)
• Naәgәy ika adto sa saran? (Buhinon, Albay Bikol; Buhi, Camarines Sur)
• Eley ka idto sa sed? (West Miraya Bikol, Albay Bikol; Oas, Albay)
• Na-alõy ika idto sa sâran/mercado?(West Miraya Bikol, Albay Bikol; Polangui, Albay)
• Dugay ka didto sa mercado? (Ticao, Masbatenyo; Monreal, Masbate)
• Awat ka didto sa plasa? (Gubat, Southern Sorsogon; Gubat, Sorsogon)
• Matagal ka ba roon sa pamilihan? (Tagalog)

Philippine-language comparison chart

Below is a chart of Philippine languages. While there has been misunderstandings on which ones should be classified as language and which ones should be classified as dialect, the chart confirms that most have similarities, yet are not mutually comprehensible. These languages are arranged according to the regions they are natively spoken (from north to south, then east to west).

English	one	two	three	four	person	house	dog	coconut	day	new	we (inclusive)	what	and
Ivatan	asa	dadowa	tatdo	apat	tao	vahay	chito	niyoy	araw	va-yo	yaten	ango	kan
Ilokano	maysa	dua	tallo	uppat	tao	balay	aso	niog	aldaw	baro	datayo	ania	ken
Ifuntok	əsang	tswa	Tulo	əpat	tacu	Afong	aso	inyog	acəw	falu	tsattaku	ngag	ya
Pangasinan	sakey	duara	talora	apatira	too	abong	aso	niyog	agew	balo	sikatayo	anto
Ibanag	tadday	dua	tallu	appa'	tolay	balay	kitu	inniuk	aggaw	bagu	sittam	anni
Gaddang	tata	addwa	tallo	appat	tolay	balay	atu	ayog	aw	bawu	ikkanetem	sanenay
Kapampangan	metung	adwa	atlu	apat	tau	bale	asu	ngungut	aldo	bayu	ikatamu	nanu	ampo
Tagalog	isa	dalawa	tatlo	apat	tao	bahay	aso	niyog	araw	bago	tayo	ano	at
Coastal Bikol	saro	duwa	tulo	apat	tawo	harong	ayam	niyog	aldaw	ba-go	kita	ano	buda
Rinconada Bikol	əsad	darwā	tolō	əpat	tawō	baləy	ayam	noyog	aldəw	bāgo	kitā	onō	ag, sagkəd, sakâ
West Miraya Bikol	sad	duwa	tulo	upat	taw	balõy	ayam	nuyog	aldõw	bâgo	kita, sato	uno	dangan, mî, saka
Masbateño	usad	duha	tulo	upat	tawo	balay	ido	buko, lubi	aldaw	bag-o	kita, kami, amon	nano	kag
Romblomanon	isa	duha	tuyo	upat	tawo	bayay	ayam	niyog	adlaw	bag-o	kita, aton	ano	kag
Bantoanon	usa	ruha	tuyo	upat	tawo	bayay	iro	nidog	adlaw	bag-o	kita, ato	ni-o	ag
Onhan	isya	darwa	tatlo	apat	tawo	balay	ayam	niyog	adlaw	bag-o	kita, taton	ano	ag
Kinaray-a	sara	darwa	tatlo	apat	taho	balay	ayam	niyog	adlaw	bag-o	kita, taten	ano, iwan	kag
Hiligaynon	isa	duha	tatlo	apat	tawo	balay	ido	lubi	adlaw	bag-o	kita	ano	kag
Cebuano	usa	duha	tulo	upat	tawo	balay	iro	lubi	adlaw	bag-o	kita	unsa	ug
Surigaonon	isa	duha	tuyo	upat	tao	bayay	idu	Niyog	adlaw	bag-o	kami	unu	sanan
Waray-Waray	usa	duha	tulo	upat	tawo	balay	ayam	lubi	adlaw	bag-o	kita	ano	ngan, ug
T'boli	sotu	lewu	tlu	fat	tau	gunu	ohu	lefo	kdaw	lomi	tekuy	tedu
Tausug	hambuuk	duwa	tu	upat	tau	bay	iru'	niyug	adlaw	ba-gu	kitaniyu	unu
Español	uno	dos	tres	cuatro	persona	casa	perro	coco	día	nuevo	nosostros	que	y/e
Chavacano	uno	dos	tres	cuatro	gente	casa	perro	coco	dia	nuevo	Zamboangueño: nosotros/kame; Bahra: mijotros/motros; Caviteño: nisos	cosá/ qué	y/e

There is a language spoken by the Tao people (also known as Yami) of Orchid Island of Taiwan which is not included in the language of the Philippines. Their language, Tao (or Yami) is part of the Batanic languages which includes Ivatan, Babuyan, and Itbayat of the Batanes.

English	one	two	three	four	person	house	dog	coconut	day	new	we	what	and
Tao	ása	dóa (raroa)	tílo (tatlo)	ápat	tao	vahay	gara	ngata	araw	vayo	tata	vela
Ivatan	asa	dadowa	tatdo	apat	tao	vahay	chito	niyoy	araw	va-yo	yaten	ango

List of speakers per language

Below are population estimates from the 2000 Philippine census by the Philippine Statistics Authority on the number of Filipinos who speak the following 18 languages as a native language.

Name of Philippine language	Number of native speakers
Tagalog	26,387,855
Cebuano	21,340,000
Ilocano	7,779,000
Hiligaynon	7,000,979
Waray-Waray	3,100,000
Kapampangan	2,900,000
Coastal Bikol	2,500,000
Pangasinan	2,434,086
Meranaw	2,150,000
Tausug	1,822,000
Maguindanao	1,800,000
Chavacano	1,200,000
Kinaray-a	1,051,000
Surigaonon	1,000,000
Masbateño	530,000
Aklanon	520,000
Ibanag	320,000
Yakan	110,000
Eskayan	500

Endangered and extinct languages in the Philippines

2014 separate studies of Philippine endangered languages

In a separate study by Thomas N. Headland, the Summer Institute of Linguistics in Dallas, and the University of Dakota called Thirty Endangered Languages in the Philippines, the Philippines has 32 endangered languages, but 2 of the listed languages in the study are written with 0 speakers, noting that they are extinct or probably extinct. All of the listed languages are Negrito languages, the oldest languages in the Philippines.

Language name	General location of speakers	Population of speakers in 1990s	Bibliographic source	Ref
Batak	Palawan Island	386	Elder 1987
Mamanwa	Mindoro Island	1000	Grimes 2000
Ati	Northern Panay Island	30	Pennoyer 1987:4
Ati	Southern Panay Island	900	Pennoyer 1987:4
Ata	Negros Island	450	Cadelina 1980:96
Ata	Mabinay, Negros Oriental	25	Grimes 2000
Atta	Pamplona, western Cagayan	1000	Grimes 2000
Atta	Faire-Rizal, western Cagayan	400	Grimes 2000
Atta	Pudtol, Kalinga-Apayao	100	Grimes 2000
Ayta	Sorsogon	40	Grimes 2000
Agta (extinct, unverified)	Villa Viciosa, Abra	0	Grimes 2000; Reid, per. com. 2001
Abenlen	Tarlac	6000	K. Storck SIL files
Mag-anchi	Zambales, Tarlac, Pampanga	4166	K. Storck SIL files
Mag-indi	Zambales, Pampanga	3450	K. Storck SIL files
Ambala	Zambales, Pampanga, Bataan	1654	K. Storck SIL files
Magbeken	Bataan	381	K. Storck SIL files
Agta	Isarog, Camarines Sur (noted as nearly extinct)	1000	Grimes 2000
Agta	Mt. Iraya & Lake Buhi east, Camarines Sur (has 4 close dialects)	200	Grimes 2000
Agta	Mt. Iriga & Lake Buhu west, Camarines Sur	1500	Grimes 2000
Agta	Camarines Norte	200	Grimes 2000
Agta	Alabat Island, southern Quezon	50	Grimes 2000
Agta	Umirey, Quezon (with 3 close dialects)	3000	T. MacLeod SIL files
Agta	Casiguran, northern Aurora	609	Headland 1989
Agta	Maddela, Quirino	300	Headland field notes
Agta	Palanan & Divilacan, Isabela	856	Rai 1990: 176
Agta	San Mariano-Sisabungan, Isabela	377	Rai 1990: 176
Agta (noted as recently extinct)	Dicamay, Jones, Isabela	0	Headland field notes, and Grimes 2000
Arta	Aglipay, Quirino	11 (30 in 1977)	Headland field notes, and Reid 1994:40
Alta	Northern Aurora	250	Reid, per. comm.
Alta	Northern Quezon	400	Reid, per. comm.
Agta	eastern Cagayan, Supaninam (several close dialects)	1200	T. Nickell 1985:119
Agta	central Cagayan	800	Mayfield 1987:vii-viii; Grimes 2000

2010 UNESCO endangered and extinct Philippine languages

Endangered and extinct languages in the Philippines are based on the 3rd world volume released by UNESCO in 2010.

Degree of endangerment (UNESCO standard)

• Safe

Language is spoken by all generations; intergenerational transmission is uninterrupted

• Vulnerable

Most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., home)

• Definitely endangered

Children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home

• Severely endangered

Language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves

• Critically endangered

The youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently

• Extinct

There are no speakers left >> included in the Atlas if presumably extinct since the 1950s

Vulnerable languages

Language Name	Number of Speakers (2000)	Province	Coordinates	Corresponding ISO 639-3 Code(s)	Source
Central Cagayan Agta	779	Cagayan	Latitude 17.9891, Longitude 121.8603	agt	UNESCO 2000
Dupaninan Agta	1400	Cagayan	Latitude 17.9682, Longitude 122.0361	duo	David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

Definitely endangered

Language Name	Number of Speakers (2000)	Province	Coordinates	Corresponding ISO 639-3 Code(s)	Source
Bataan Agta	500	Bataan	Latitude 14.4324, Longitude 120.4788	ayt	David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)
Mt. Iraya Agta	150	Camarines Sur	Latitude 13.459, Longitude 123.5467	atl	David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)
Batak	200	Palawan	Latitude 10.1081, Longitude 119	bya	David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

Severely endangered

Language Name	Number of Speakers (2000)	Province	Coordinates	Corresponding ISO 639-3 Code(s)	Source
Faire Atta	300	Ilocos Norte	Latitude 18.027, Longitude 120.4929	azt	David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)
Northern Alta	200	Aurora	Latitude 15.7162, Longitude 121.4085	agn	David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)
Camarines Norte Agta	150	Camarines Norte	Latitude 14.0135, Longitude 122.8873	abd	David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

Critically endangered

Language Name	Number of Speakers (2000)	Province	Coordinates	Corresponding ISO 639-3 Code(s)	Source
Alabat Island Agta	30	Quezon	Latitude 14.1209, Longitude 122.0282	dul	David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)
Isarog Agta	5	Camarines Sur	Latitude 13.6805, Longitude 123.3805	agk	David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)
Southern Ayta (Sorsogon Ayta)	150	Sorsogon	Latitude 13.027, Longitude 124.1549	ays	David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

Extinct

Language Name	Number of Speakers (2000)	Province	Coordinates	Corresponding ISO 639-3 Code(s)	Source
Dicamay Agta (Dumagat, Dicamay Dumagat)	0	Isabela	Latitude 16.6998, Longitude 122.0167	duy	David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)
Arta	0	near Isabela-Quirino Border	Latitude 16.4225, Longitude 121.7042	atz	David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)
Katabaga	0	Quezon	Latitude 13.4366, Longitude 122.5569	ktq	David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)
Ata	0	Negros Oriental	Latitude 9.6081, Longitude 122.9155	atm	David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

Major non-indigenous languages

Hokkien Chinese

Main article: Philippine Hokkien

Diplomatic ties with the Ming dynasty among some established states or kingdoms in Luzon and direct interactions and trade overall within the archipelago as a whole may go as far back as the early 10th century. Mandarin Chinese is the medium of instruction in Chinese schools and the lingua franca of mainland and overseas Chinese. The Lan-nang variant of Hokkien Chinese is the language of the majority the Chinese in the Philippines, who immigrated from the Fujian (pronounced locally as Fukien or Hokkien) province in China. Other varieties of Chinese such as Hakka and Cantonese, are spoken among the Chinese in the Philippines who are descendants of people from Guangdong province in China.

As with Spanish, many native languages have co-opted numerous loanwords from Chinese, in particular words that refer to cuisine, household objects, and Philippine kinship terminology.

English

Main articles: Philippine English, Taglish, Bislish, and Englog

The first significant exposure of Filipinos to the English language occurred in 1762 when the British invaded Manila, but this was a brief episode that had no lasting influence. English later became more important and widespread during American rule between 1898 and 1946, and remains an official language of the Philippines.

English is used in official documents of business, government, the legal system, medicine, the sciences and as a medium of instruction. Filipinos prefer textbooks for subjects like calculus, physics, chemistry, biology, etc., written in English rather than Filipino. However, the topics are usually taught, even in colleges, in Tagalog or the local language. By way of contrast, native languages are often heard in colloquial and domestic settings, spoken mostly with family and friends. The use of English attempts to give an air of formality, given its use in school, government and various ceremonies. A percentage of the media such as cable television and newspapers are also in English; major television networks such as ABS-CBN and GMA and all AM radio stations broadcast primarily in Filipino. However, a 2009 article by a UNICEF worker reported that the level of spoken English language in the Philippines was poor. The article reported that aspiring Filipino teachers score the lowest in English out of all of the subjects on their licensing exams.

A large influx of English words has been assimilated into Tagalog and the other native languages called Taglish or Bislish. There is a debate, however, on whether there is diglossia or bilingualism, between Filipino and English. Filipino is also used both in formal and informal situations. Though the masses would prefer to speak in Filipino, government officials tend to speak in English when performing government functions. There is still resistance to the use of Filipino in courts and the drafting of national statutes.

On August 22, 2007, three Malolos City regional trial courts in Bulacan decided to use Filipino, instead of English, in order to promote the national language. Twelve stenographers from Branches 6, 80 and 81, as model courts, had undergone training at Marcelo H. del Pilar College of Law of Bulacan State University College of Law following a directive from the Supreme Court of the Philippines. De la Rama said it was the dream of former Chief Justice Reynato Puno to implement the program in other areas such as Laguna, Cavite, Quezón, Nueva Écija, Batangas, Rizal, and Metro Manila.

Arabic

Arabic is used by some Filipino Muslims in both a liturgical and instructional capacity since the arrival of Islam in the 14th century. Along with Malay, Arabic was the lingua franca of the Malay Archipelago among Muslim traders and the Malay aristocracy.

The 1987 Constitution mandates that Arabic (along with Spanish) is to be promoted on an optional and voluntary basis. As of 2015 Arabic is taught for free and is promoted in some Islamic centres predominantly in the southern most parts of Philippines. It is used primarily in religious activities and education (such as in a madrasa or Islamic school) and rarely for official events or daily conversation. In this respect, its function and use is somewhat like the traditional roles of Latin and Spanish in Filipino Catholicism vis-à-vis other currently spoken languages.

Japanese

The Japanese first came to the Philippines around the 11th century CE, the first country they emigrated to, as well as in waves from the 15th century, 17th century, late 19th century, 1900s, 1930s, and the 1940s. There is a small Japanese community and a school for Japanese in Metro Manila due to the number of Japanese companies. Also there is a large community of Japanese and Japanese descendants in Laguna province, Baguio City, and in the Davao Region. Davao City is a home to a large population of Japanese descendants. Japanese laborers were hired by American companies like the National Fiber Company (NAFCO) in the first decades of the 20th century to work in abaca plantations. Japanese were known for their hard work and industry. During World War II, Japanese schools were present in Davao City.

Malay / Indonesian

Main article: Malay language in the Philippines

Malay is spoken as a lingua franca in the southernmost parts of the Philippines, from Zamboanga down to Tawi-Tawi among a minority of the Tausug, Bajau, and Yakan peoples. It is also spoken as a daily language by Malays and Indonesians who have settled, or do business in the Philippines. It is also spoken in southern Palawan to some extent. It is not spoken among the Maranao and Maguindanao people. Malaysia, Indonesia, and the southern Philippines are largely Islamic and the liturgical language of Islam is Arabic, but the vast majority of Muslims in the Philippines have little practical knowledge of Arabic beyond limited religious terminology.

Old Malay and Indonesian cultures and civilizations in ancient Sumatra and Java influenced the history, lifestyles, and culture of Philippine peoples. The Malay language, along with Philippine languages belonging to the Malayo-Polynesian language family, has also had an immense influence on many if not most of the languages spoken in the Philippines. Roughly a third of all commonly used verbs and nouns used in the Philippines are of Old Malay origin. This is because Old Malay used to be the lingua franca throughout the archipelago, a good example of this is Magellan's translator Enrique using Malay to converse with the native Sugbuanon(Cebuano) during this time period.

An example of Old Malay and Javanese languages spoken in Philippine history can be seen in the language of the 10th-century Laguna Copperplate Inscription.

When the Spanish had first arrived in the Philippines in the 16th century, Old Malay was spoken among the aristocracy.

It is believed that Ferdinand Magellan’s Moluccan slave Enrique could converse with local leaders in Cebu island, confirming to Magellan his arrival in Southeast Asia.

Today, Indonesian is taught as a foreign language in the Department of Linguistics and Asian Languages in the University of the Philippines. Also, the Indonesian School in Davao City teaches the language to preserve the culture of Indonesian immigrants there. The Indonesian Embassy in Manila also offers occasional classes for Filipinos and foreigners.

Since 2013, the Indonesian Embassy in the Philippines has given basic Indonesian language courses to training to members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

In an interview, Department of Education Secretary Armin Luistro said that the country's government should promote Indonesian or Malay, which are related to Filipino. Thus, the possibility of offering it as an optional subject in public schools is being studied.

Spanish

Main article: Spanish language in the Philippines

Spanish was introduced in the islands after 1565, when the Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi set sail from Mexico and founded the first Spanish settlement on Cebú. However, it is rarely spoken today.

In 1593, the first printing press in the Philippine islands was founded and it released the first (albeit polyglot) book, the Doctrina Christiana that same year. In the 17th century, Spanish religious orders founded the first universities in the Philippines, some of which are considered the oldest in Asia. During colonial rule through Mexico, Spanish was the language of education, trade, politics, and religion, and by the 19th century, became the colony's lingua franca although it was mainly used by the educated Filipinos. In 1863, a Spanish decree introduced a system of public education, creating free public schooling in Spanish. In the 1890s, the Philippines had a prominent group of Spanish-speaking scholars called the Ilustrados, such as José Rizal. Some of these scholars participated in the Philippine Revolution and later in the struggle against American occupation. Both the Malolos Constitution and the Lupang Hinirang (national anthem) were written in Spanish.

Under U.S. rule, the English language began to be promoted instead of Spanish. The use of Spanish began to decline some years after Spain was forced to pass the islands to the United States as a result of the introduction of English into the public schools as a language of instruction. The 1950 census stated that Filipinos who spoke Spanish as a first or second language made up only 6% of the population. In 1990, the census reported that the number had dwindled to just 2,500. Recent estimates indicate that while around 3 million people can speak Spanish with varying degrees of competency, only around 439,000 people can speak the language at a native level.

Spanish briefly lost its status as an official language in the 1973 constitution but regained official status two months later when President Marcos signed Presidential Decree No. 155. With the promulgation of the 1987 constitution, Spanish lost its official status and it was dropped as a college requirement during Corazón Aquino's administration. Former president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, a third-language Spanish speaker, introduced legislation to re-establish the instruction of Spanish in 2009 in the state education system. Today, the language is still spoken by Filipino-Spanish mestizos and Spanish families who are mainly concentrated in Metro Manila, Iloilo and Cebu. It remains a required subject in some academic institutions, such as the University of Santo Tomás in Manila and the University of San Carlos in Cebu. The 1987 Constitution mandates that Spanish (along with Arabic) is to be promoted on an optional and voluntary basis.

Many historical documents, land titles, and works of literature are written in Spanish and are still not translated into Filipino languages, despite the fact that some such as land titles have legal value. Spanish, through colonization has contributed the largest number of loanwords and expressions in Tagalog, Cebuano, and other Philippine languages.

Spanish creoles

Main article: Chavacano language

There are several Spanish-based creole languages in the Philippines, collectively called Chavacano. These may be split into two major geographical groups:

• In Luzon:
  • Caviteño (Chabacano de Cavite), spoken in Cavite City, Cavite.
  • Ternateño (Chabacano de Barra), spoken in Ternate, Cavite.
  • Ermiteño (Chabacano de Ermita), formerly spoken in Ermita, Manila but is now extinct. The last reported speakers were a woman and her grandson during the 1980s and 1990s.

• In Mindanao:
  • Zamboangueño Chavacano (Chabacano de Zamboanga / Zamboangueño Chavacano), spoken in Zamboanga City, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte, Basilan Province, Sulu Province, Tawi-Tawi Province and Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia (360,000 native speakers-Zamboanga City alone as per 2000 census, making it the most spoken form and known form of Chavacano)
  • Cotabateño (Chabacano de Cotabato), spoken in Cotabato
  • Davaoeño Abakay (Chabacano de Davao), spoken in Davao City

South Asian languages

Since pre-Spanish times, there have been small Indian communities in the Philippines. Indians tend to be able to speak Tagalog and the other native languages, and are often fluent in English. Among themselves, Sindhi and Punjabi are used. Urdu is spoken among the Pakistani community. Only few South Asians, such as Pakistani, as well as the recent newcomers like speakers of Marathi, Nepali, and Tamil retain their own respective languages.

See also

• Philippine languages
• Filipino language
• Filipino alphabet
• Baybayin
• Filipinos
• Culture of the Philippines
• Filipino orthography
• Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino

External links

• Ricardo Maria Nolasco on the diversity of languages in the Philippines
• Lawrence R. Reid webpage of Dr. Lawrence A. Reid. Researcher Emeritus of linguistics at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa. Has researched Philippine languages for decades.
• The Metamorphosis of Filipino as a National Language
• Carl Rubino webpage of Dr. Carl Rubino. A Filipino linguist who has studied Philippine languages.
• Literatura hispanofilipina: siglos XVII al XX by Edmundo Farolan Romero, with a brief Philippine poetry anthology in Spanish.
• Salita Blog by Christopher Sundita. A blog about a variety of issues concerning the languages of the Philippines.
• Espaniero An Online Spanish conversation group for Pinoys
• Philippine Language Tree
• The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines, by Andrew González, FSC
• kaibigankastila webpage of the Spanish culture in the Philippines.
• Linguistic map of the Philippines at Muturzikin.com
• On linguistic mutual intolerance in the Philippines
• Filipino Translator
• Tagalog Translator Online Online dictionary for translating Tagalog from/to English, including expressions and latest headlines regarding the Philippines.