Lapsus
A lapsus (Latin for "lapse, slip, error") is an involuntary mistake made while writing or speaking, something long studied in philology.[1]
Contents
Investigations
In 1895 an investigation into verbal slips was undertaken by a philologist and a psychologist, Rudolf Meringer and Karl Meyer, who collected a large number of examples and divided them into separate types.[2]
Psychoanalysis
Freud was to become interested in such mistakes from 1897 onwards, developing an interpretation of slips in terms of their unconscious meaning.[3] Subsequently followers of his like Ernest Jones developed the theme of lapsus in connection with writing, typing, and misprints.[4]
According to Freud's early psychoanalytic theory, a lapsus represents a bungled act that hides an unconscious desire: “the phenomena can be traced back to incompletely suppressed psychical material...pushed away by consciousness”.[5]
Jacques Lacan would thoroughly endorse the Freudian interpretation of unconscious motivation in the slip, arguing that “in the lapsus it is...clear that every unsuccessful act is a successful, not to say 'well-turned', discourse”.[6]
In the seventies, however, Sebastiano Timpanaro would controversially take up the question again, by offering a mechanistic explanation of all such slips, in opposition to Freud's theories.[7]
Types of lapsus
In literature, a number of different types of lapsus are named depending on the mode of correspondence:[8]
- lapsus linguae (pl. same): slip of the tongue
- lapsus calami: slip of the pen[9] With the variation of lapsus clavis: slip of the typewriter
- lapsus manus: slip of the hand, similar to lapsus calami
- lapsus memoriae: slip of memory
Types of slips of the tongue
Slips of the tongue can happen on any level:
- Syntactic - is instead of was.
- Phrasal slips of tongue - I'll explain this tornado later.
- Lexical/semantic - moon full instead of full moon.
- Morphological level - workings paper
- Phonological (sound slips) - flow snurries instead of snow flurries
Additionally, each of these five levels of error may take various forms:
- Anticipations: Where an early output item is corrupted by an element belonging to a later one,[10] thus "reading list" - "leading list"
- Perseverations or post-sonances: Where a later output item is corrupted by an element belonging to an earlier one[11] Thus "waking rabbits" - "waking wabbits".
- Deletions: Where an output element is somehow totally lost, thus "same state" - "same sate"
- Shift: Moving a letter, thus "black foxes" - "back floxes"
- Haplologies[12] or fusion: Half one word and half the other, thus "stummy" instead of "stomach or tummy"[13]
- Pun (of sexual nature)[14]
Motivation
Meringer and Meyer highlighted the role of familiar associations and similarities of words and sounds in producing the lapsus. Freud objected that such factors did not cause but only “favour slips of the tongue...in the immense majority of cases my speech is not disturbed by the circumstance that the words I am using recall others with a similar sound...or that familiar associations branch off from them”.[15]
Timpanaro later reignited the debate,[16] by maintaining that any given slip can always be explained mechanically without a need for deeper motivation.[17]
J. L. Austin had independently seen slips not as revealing a particular complex, but as an ineluctable feature of the human condition, necessitating a continual preparation for excuses and remedial work.[18]
See also
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References
- ↑ D. C. Greetham, Scholarly Editing (1995)p. 452
- ↑ S. Freud, Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis (PFL 1) p. 58
- ↑ Peter Gay, Freud: A Life for our Time (1989) p. 125
- ↑ D. C. Greetham, Theories of the Text (1999) p. 249-252
- ↑ Freud, quoted in A. Phillips, On Flirtation (1994) p. 12
- ↑ Jacques Lacan, Ecrits: A Selection (1997) p. 58
- ↑ Gay, p. 755
- ↑ Freud, p. 95
- ↑ B. A. Garner, Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage (1995) p. 499
- ↑ Freud, p. 58
- ↑ Greetham, Theories p. 246
- ↑ This is a different phenomenon from that described in the main article on haplologies, which involves the removal of identical consecutive syllables.
- ↑ Freud, p. 58-9
- ↑ B. M. Dupriez, Dictionary of Literary Devices (1991) p. 250
- ↑ Freud, p. 73
- ↑ P. Barrotta et al, Freud and Italian Culture (2009) p. 182
- ↑ Greetham, Theories p. 257-8
- ↑ Stanley Cavell, Little Did I Know (2010) p. 479
Further reading
- Sigmund Freud, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1965[1901])
- Jonathan Goldberg, Writing Matter (1990)
- Sebastiano Timpanaro, The Freudian Slip (1976)
- John Austin, 'A Plea for Excuses', in Philosophical Papers (1961)
External links
The dictionary definition of lapsus at Wiktionary
