Le Mans

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This article is about the city in France. For the sportscar endurance race, see 24 Hours of Le Mans. For racecar type, see Le Mans Prototype. For other uses, see Le Mans (disambiguation).
Le Mans
Prefecture and commune
Top row: left, Le Mans 24-hr automobile race in June; right, Le Mans Justice Department Office; Middle row: View of Sarthe River and historic area, including the Palais of Comtes du Maine; Bottom row: left, Le Mans Tramway in Gambetta Street; center, Facade built in Le Mans Commerce Center; right, Saint Julien Cathedral
Top row: left, Le Mans 24-hr automobile race in June; right, Le Mans Justice Department Office; Middle row: View of Sarthe River and historic area, including the Palais of Comtes du Maine; Bottom row: left, Le Mans Tramway in Gambetta Street; center, Facade built in Le Mans Commerce Center; right, Saint Julien Cathedral
Coat of arms of Le Mans
Coat of arms
Country France
Region Pays de la Loire
Department Sarthe
Arrondissement Le Mans
Canton Le Mans-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
Intercommunality Le Mans Métropole
Government
 • Mayor (2020–2026) Stéphane Le Foll[1]
Area1 52.81 km2 (20.39 sq mi)
Population (Jan. 2018)2 Lua error in Module:Wd at line 405: invalid escape sequence near '"^'.
INSEE/Postal code 72181 / 72000
Dialling codes (0)243
Elevation 38–134 m (125–440 ft)
(avg. 51 m or 167 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. 2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.

Le Mans (/lə ˈmɒ̃/, French: [lə mɑ̃] ( listen)) is a city in northwestern France on the Sarthe River. Traditionally the capital of the province of Maine, it is now the capital of the Sarthe department and the seat of the Roman Catholic diocese of Le Mans. Le Mans is a part of the Pays de la Loire region.

Its inhabitants are called Manceaux (male) and Mancelles (female). Since 1923, the city has hosted the internationally famous 24 Hours of Le Mans endurance sports car race.

History

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See also: Timeline of Le Mans

First mentioned by Claudius Ptolemy,[2] the Roman city Vindinium was the capital of the Aulerci, a sub tribe of the Aedui. Le Mans is also known as Civitas Cenomanorum (City of the Cenomani), or Cenomanus. Their city, seized by the Romans in 47 BC, was within the ancient Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis. A 3rd-century amphitheatre is still visible. The thermae were demolished during the crisis of the third century when workers were mobilized to build the city's defensive walls. The ancient wall around Le Mans is one of the most complete circuits of Gallo-Roman city walls to survive.[3]

As the use of the French language replaced late Vulgar Latin in the area, Cenomanus, with dissimilation, became known as Celmans. Cel- was taken to be a form of the French word for "this" and "that", and was replaced by le, which means "the".

As the principal city of Maine, Le Mans was the stage for struggles in the eleventh century between the counts of Anjou and the dukes of Normandy. When the Normans had control of Maine, William the Conqueror successfully invaded England and established an occupation. In 1069 the citizens of Maine revolted and expelled the Normans, resulting in Hugh V being proclaimed count of Maine. Geoffrey V of Anjou married Matilda of England in the cathedral. Their son Henry II Plantagenet, king of England, was born here. In 1154, during the reign of his uncle King Stephen, Henry landed in England with an army, intent on challenging Stephen for the throne. Some of the members of that feudal force were known by the surname 'del Mans' (Latin for of Mans, as the city was then known.) In medieval records pertaining to the history of Gloucester is a reference to one such man, Walter del Mans, and beside his name 'Cenomanus' was added by the medieval scribe, so that there is no doubt as to Walter's origin. In the English censuses down to the twentieth century the surname Mans (latterly often spelled Manns) was virtually confined to the counties of Gloucestershire and Herefordshire and their borderlands, reflecting the original settlement patterns in the Welsh Marches of the original followers of Henry's from Le Mans in 1154. A John Mans/Manns was escheator of Hereford 1399–1400. One family from [Le] Mans held the manor of Dodenham, Worcestershire. (Calendar of the Records of the Corporation of Gloucester, Item 96, ca.1200; Fine Roles Henry III, 23 August. 1233 [Hereford];'Parishes: Doddenham', A History of the County of Worcester, volume 4 (1924), pp. 260–62.) Intercourse between England and Le Mans continued throughout the Angevin period.

In the 13th century Le Mans came under the control of the French crown. It was subsequently invaded by England during the Hundred Years' War.[4]

Industrialization took place in the 19th century which saw the development of railway and motor vehicle production as well as textiles and tobacco manufacture.[4]

Wilbur Wright began official public demonstrations of the airplane he had developed with his younger brother Orville on 8 August 1908, at the Hunaudières horse racing track near Le Mans.

World War II

Soon after Le Mans was liberated by the U.S. 79th and 90th Infantry Divisions on 8 August 1944,[5] engineers of the Ninth Air Force IX Engineering Command began construction of a combat Advanced Landing Ground outside of the town. The airfield was declared operational on 3 September and designated as "A-35". It was used by several American fighter and transport units until late November of that year in additional offensives across France; the airfield was closed.[6][7]

Main sights

Gallery

  • Palais des comtes du Maine - Le Mans.jpg

    Le Palais des Comtes du Maine[n 1]

  • Gallo-Roman walls

  • Organ in the cathedral

  • A street in the old town

  • Manhole cover depicting the city's coat-of-arms

  • Yvre - Abbaye Epau RB 01.jpg

    Effigy of Berengaria of Navarre in the chapter house of Épau abbey.

Climate

Le Mans has an oceanic climate influenced by the mild Atlantic air travelling inland. Summers are warm and occasionally hot, whereas winters are mild and cloudy. Precipitation is relatively uniform and moderate year round.

Climate data for Le Mans (1981–2010 averages)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 17.2
(63)		 21.0
(69.8)		 24.9
(76.8)		 30.3
(86.5)		 32.4
(90.3)		 37.1
(98.8)		 41.1
(106)		 40.5
(104.9)		 34.6
(94.3)		 30.0
(86)		 22.2
(72)		 18.3
(64.9)		 41.1
(106)
Average high °C (°F) 7.9
(46.2)		 9.1
(48.4)		 12.7
(54.9)		 15.7
(60.3)		 19.5
(67.1)		 23.1
(73.6)		 25.5
(77.9)		 25.4
(77.7)		 21.9
(71.4)		 17.0
(62.6)		 11.4
(52.5)		 8.2
(46.8)		 16.5
(61.7)
Average low °C (°F) 2.1
(35.8)		 1.8
(35.2)		 3.7
(38.7)		 5.6
(42.1)		 9.4
(48.9)		 12.4
(54.3)		 14.2
(57.6)		 13.8
(56.8)		 11.0
(51.8)		 8.6
(47.5)		 4.7
(40.5)		 2.5
(36.5)		 7.5
(45.5)
Record low °C (°F) −15.2
(4.6)		 −17.0
(1.4)		 −11.3
(11.7)		 −4.9
(23.2)		 −3.7
(25.3)		 1.6
(34.9)		 3.9
(39)		 3.2
(37.8)		 −0.5
(31.1)		 −5.4
(22.3)		 −12.0
(10.4)		 −21.0
(−5.8)		 −21.0
(−5.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 67.2
(2.646)		 50.9
(2.004)		 54.3
(2.138)		 53.9
(2.122)		 63.0
(2.48)		 46.9
(1.846)		 56.8
(2.236)		 42.7
(1.681)		 52.9
(2.083)		 66.0
(2.598)		 62.7
(2.469)		 70.2
(2.764)		 687.5
(27.067)
Average precipitation days 11.2 9.3 10.2 9.5 10.0 7.3 7.6 6.5 8.0 10.7 10.5 11.8 112.6
Average relative humidity (%) 87 83 78 74 75 73 72 74 79 86 88 88 79.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 66.2 89.7 134.3 170.9 199.7 224.1 227.4 224.9 181.0 118.8 70.9 63.9 1,771.8
Source #1: Meteo France[8][9]
Source #2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity, snowy days 1961–1990)[10]

Demographics

As of 2017, there were 347,626 inhabitants in the metropolitan area (aire urbaine) of Le Mans, with 142,946 of these living in the city proper (commune).[11] In 1855 Le Mans absorbed four neighbouring communes.[12] The population data for 1851 and earlier in the table and graph below refer to the pre-1855 borders.

Historical population of Le Mans
Year Pop. ±% p.a.
1793 18,855 —    
1800 18,081 −0.60%
1806 19,030 +0.86%
1821 18,881 −0.05%
1831 19,792 +0.47%
1836 23,164 +3.20%
1841 25,189 +1.69%
1846 27,461 +1.74%
1851 27,059 −0.29%
1856 34,664 +5.08%
1861 37,209 +1.43%
1866 45,230 +3.98%
1872 46,981 +0.64%
1876 50,175 +1.66%
1881 55,347 +1.98%
1886 57,591 +0.80%
1891 57,412 −0.06%
1896 60,075 +0.91%
Year Pop. ±% p.a.
1901 63,272 +1.04%
1906 65,467 +0.68%
1911 69,361 +1.16%
1921 71,783 +0.34%
1926 72,867 +0.30%
1931 76,868 +1.07%
1936 84,525 +1.92%
1946 100,455 +1.74%
1954 111,891 +1.36%
1962 132,181 +2.10%
1968 143,246 +1.35%
1975 152,285 +0.88%
1982 147,697 −0.44%
1990 145,502 −0.19%
1999 146,105 +0.05%
2007 144,164 −0.17%
2012 143,599 −0.08%
2017 142,946 −0.09%
Source: EHESS[12] and INSEE (1968-2017)[13]

Economy

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Transportation

The Gare du Mans is the main railway station of Le Mans. It takes 1 hour to reach Paris from Le Mans by TGV high speed train. There are also TGV connections to Lille, Marseille, Nantes, Rennes and Brest. Gare du Mans is also a hub for regional trains. Le Mans inaugurated a new light rail system on 17 November 2007.[14]

Sport

Motorsport

Dunlop Curve
File:Empreinte pilotes 24h.jpg
Handprints and signatures from the winners of the 1992 edition of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, Mark Blundell, Derek Warwick, and Yannick Dalmas, at Le Mans

The first French Grand Prix took place on a 64-mile (103 km) circuit based at Le Mans in 1906.

Since the 1920s, the city has been best known for its connection with motorsports. There are two official and separate racing tracks at Le Mans, though they share certain portions. The smaller is the Bugatti Circuit (named after Ettore Bugatti, founder of the car company bearing his name), a relatively short permanent circuit, which is used for racing throughout the year and has hosted the French motorcycle Grand Prix. The longer and more famous Circuit de la Sarthe is composed partly of public roads. These are closed to the public when the track is in use for racing. Since 1923, this route has been used for the famous 24 Hours of Le Mans sports car endurance race. Boutiques and shops are set up during the race, selling merchandise and promoting products for cars.

The "Le Mans start" was formerly used in the 24-hour race: drivers lined up across the track from their cars, ran across the track, jumped into their cars and started them to begin the race.

The 1955 Le Mans disaster was a large accident during the race that killed eighty-four spectators.

Basketball

The city is home to Le Mans Sarthe Basket, 2006 Champion of the LNB Pro A, France's top professional basketball division.

The team plays its home games at the Antarès, which served as one of the host arenas of the FIBA EuroBasket 1999.

Football

Cycling

Notable people

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See also: List of 24 Hours of Le Mans fatalities

Le Mans was the birthplace of:

File:Basile Moreau CSC.jpg
Basil Moreau around 1860

Notable residents include:

Died in Le Mans:

International relations

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Le Mans is twinned with:[15]

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Gastronomy

The culinary specialty of Le Mans is rillettes, a shredded pork pâté.

Landmarks

Located at Mayet near Le Mans, the Le Mans-Mayet transmitter has a height of 342 m and is one of the tallest radio masts in France.

Panorama of Le Mans, facing north-west

Representation in popular culture

  • Le Mans has been a setting for numerous feature films that feature its famous race.[16]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ birthplace of Henry II of England (now part of the Town Hall and not open to the public)

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Geography 2.8.8
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 https://www.britannica.com/place/Le-Mans
  5. ↑ Blumenson, Martin, Breakout and Pursuit, Center of Military History, United States Army, Washington, D.C., 1989, pp. 436–8
  6. ↑ Johnson, David C. (1988), U.S. Army Air Forces Continental Airfields (ETO), D-Day to V-E Day; Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center, Maxwell AFB, Alabama.
  7. ↑ Maurer, Maurer. Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History, 1983. ISBN 0-89201-092-4.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Comparateur de territoire: Aire urbaine du Mans (028), INSEE
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Le Mans, EHESS. Script error: No such module "In lang".
  13. ↑ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ https://www.digitaltrends.com/cars/the-best-24-hours-of-le-mans-movies/

Bibliography

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See also: Bibliography of the history of Le Mans

External links

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