Legio II Augusta
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| Legio II Augusta | |
|---|---|
Map of the Roman empire in AD 125, under emperor Hadrian, showing the LEGIO II AUGUSTA, stationed at Isca Silurum (Caerleon, Wales), in Britannia province, from AD 74 to at least 269
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| Active | 43 BC to sometime in the 4th century AD |
| Country | Roman Republic and Roman Empire |
| Type | Roman legion (Marian) |
| Role | Infantry assault (some cavalry support) |
| Size | Varied over unit lifetime. Approx. 3,500 fighting men + support at the time of creation. |
| Garrison/HQ | Hispania Tarraconensis (25 BC - AD 9) Germania (9 - 17) Argentoratum (17-43) Britannia (43-269) Glevum (66-74) Isca Augusta (Caerleon) (74 - c. 208) Carpow (c. 208-c. 235) Isca Augusta (235 - after 255) |
| Nickname(s) | Augusta, "Augustan" under Augustus Antonina, "Antoninian" under Caracalla or Elagabalus |
| Patron | Augustus |
| Mascot | Capricornus The Capricorn (astrology) was chosen as the Legion's emblem because in its sea-goat form it was the astrological sign of II Augusta's patron, Augustus |
| Engagements | Philippi (42 BC) Perugia (41 BC-40 BC) Cantabrian Wars (25 BC-19 BC) Invasion of Britain (43-66) Severus Scottish campaign (208) |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders |
Vespasian (commander) Septimius Severus (campaign) Tiberius Claudius Paulinus |
Legio secunda Augusta ("Augustus' Second Legion") was a legion of the Imperial Roman army, originally founded during the late Roman republic and still operational in Britannia in the 4th century. Its emblems were the Capricornus,[1] Pegasus[2] and Mars.
Contents
In Republican Service
The Legio II Sabina was a Roman military unit of the late Republican era, which may have been formed by Julius Caesar in the year of the consulate of 48 BC and coincide, in this case, with the Legio II . Enlisted to fight against Pompey, they took part in the subsequent battle of Munda of 45 BC.
Or it could be the Legio II, formed by the consul, Gaio Vibio Pansa in 43 BC and recruited in Sabina, hence its nickname.[3] It might have participated in the subsequent battle of Philippi of 42 BC on the side of the triumvirate, Octavian and Marc Antony.[4]
After the defeat of the Republicans, Legio II swore allegiance to Octavian[5] and with the same remained until the battle of Actium of 31 BC,[6] after which it seems to have been dissolved in the years between 30 and 14 BC (sent on leave were between 105,000 and 120,000 veterans[7] and some of its soldiers may have been integrated into the new Legio II Augusta.[5]
In Imperial Service
At the beginning of Augustus' rule, in 25 BC, this legion was relocated in Hispania, to fight in the Cantabrian Wars, which definitively established Roman power in Hispania, and later camped in Hispania Tarraconensis. With the annihilation of Legio XVII, XVIII and XIX in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (AD 9), II Augusta moved to Germania, possibly in the area of Moguntiacum. After 17, it was at Argentoratum (modern Strasbourg).
Invasion of Britannia
The legion participated in the Roman conquest of Britain in 43. Future emperor Vespasian was the legion's commander at the time, and led the campaign against the Durotriges and Dumnonii tribes. Although it was recorded as suffering a defeat at the hands of the Silures in 52, the II Augusta proved to be one of the best legions, even after its disgrace during the uprising of queen Boudica, when its praefectus castrorum, who was then its acting commander (its legatus and tribunes probably being absent with the governor Suetonius Paulinus), contravened Suetonius' orders to join him and so later committed suicide.
After the defeat of Boudica, the legion was dispersed over several bases; from 66 to around 74 it was stationed at Glevum (modern Gloucester), and then moved to Isca Augusta (modern Caerleon), building a stone fortress that the soldiers occupied until the end of the 3rd century. The legion also had connections with the camp at Alchester in Oxfordshire; stamped tiles record it in the 2nd century at Abonae (Sea Mills, Bristol) on the tidal shore of the Avon (Princeton Encyclopedia).
2nd and 3rd centuries
In 122, II Augusta helped to build Hadrian's Wall.
In 142, II Augusta helped to build the Antonine Wall and are recorded on The Bridgeness Slab.
In 196, II Augusta supported the claim for the purple of the governor of Britannia, Clodius Albinus, who was defeated by Septimius Severus. On the occasion of Severus' Scottish campaign, the Second moved to Carpow, to return to Caerleon under Alexander Severus.
(Musée archéologique de Strasbourg)
Attested members
| Name | Rank | Time frame | Province | Soldier located in | Veteran located in | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caius Largennius | miles | Germania | Argentoratum ? | Argentoratum |  |
|
| Gnaeus Julius Agricola | tribunus | Britannia | ||||
| Iulius Marcellinus [8] | centurio [8] | Britannia [8] | Banna [8] | |||
| Poenius Postumius [9] | praefectus castrorum [9] | Britannia [9] |
In Popular Culture
- In his fantasy novel Grail, the author Stephen R. Lawhead states that the legion was ensnared by the black magic of the witch Morgan le Fay, doomed to perpetually wander the mists of Lyonesse.
- Lindsey Davis' character Marcus Didius Falco and his sidekick Lucius Petronius Longus both served in the legion during the Boudicca uprising in 60/61, while they were little more than boys (probably 19/20 years old). Marcus or Petronius have only referred to their service in asides, due to the bad memories of the uprising and the boredom in a cold, unfriendly country. The scenes of carnage and destruction in Londinium left a deep impression on both of them, with neither keen to return to Roman Britain. Their internal references also hint that their disgraced prefect, Posthumus, did not commit suicide, but instead was executed by the legionnaires for his refusal to march to Governor Suetonius's aid during Boadicea's Revolt, but the legionnaires swore an oath never to speak of this to outsiders. Novels that most directly refer to their service in Britain are The Silver Pigs, The Iron Hand of Mars, A Body in the Bath House and The Jupiter Myth.
- It is also the Legion in which Optio Quintus Licinius Cato and Centurion Lucius Cornelius Macro serve during the first five books of the Eagle series by Simon Scarrow. The books also cover Vespasian's career as commander of the legion and the invasion of Britain.
- The story of the legion's role in Boudica's Rebellion and the subsequent suicide of its acting commander features in Imperial Governor, George Shipway's 1968 novel about Gaius Suetonius Paulinus.
See also
References
- ↑ Legions and Veterans: Roman Army Papers 1971-2000 By L. J. F. Keppie page 128
- ↑ Legions and Veterans: Roman Army Papers 1971-2000 By L. J. F. Keppie page 129
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Further reading
- livius.org account
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External links
- LEGIO SECVNDA AVGVSTA, British 1st - 2nd century AD ~ Roman Living History Society
- Second Legion Augusta (NZ), New Zealand re-enactment group
- Richard Stillwell, ed. Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976: "Abonae (Sea Mills, Bristol), England"
- Capricorn Rising: Astrology in Ancient Rome: Poetry, Prophecy and Power, article by David Wray. assistant professor of Classics, University of Chicago.
