Leopold, Duke of Lorraine

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Leopold
Duke of Lorraine, Bar and of Teschen
Leopold-Lorraine.jpg
Born (1679-09-11)11 September 1679
Palace of Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
Died Script error: The function "death_date_and_age" does not exist.
Château de Lunéville Lorraine, France
Burial Église Saint-François-des-Cordeliers, Nancy, France
Spouse Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans
Issue
Detail
Léopold Clément, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine
Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
Elisabeth Theresa, Queen of Sardinia
Charles Alexander of Lorraine
Anne Charlotte, Abbess of Essen
House house of Lorraine
Father Charles V, Duke of Lorraine
Mother Eleanor of Austria

Leopold (11 September 1679 – 27 March 1729), surnamed the Good, was Duke of Lorraine and Bar from 1690 to his death.

Biography

Early life

Leopold Joseph Charles Dominique Agapet Hyacinthe was the son of Charles V, Duke of Lorraine, and his wife Eleonora Maria Josefa of Austria, a half-sister of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor.

At the time of Leopold's birth, Lorraine and Bar had been occupied by Louis XIV of France, forcing his parents to move into exile to Austria, where they lived under the protection of the Emperor. Therefore, Leopold was born in the palace of Innsbruck and received his first name in honour of the Emperor. Leopold grew up in Innsbruck, while his father would be engaged in defending Vienna against the Turks.

In 1690, his father died and eleven-year-old Leopold inherited the still occupied Duchies. His mother, trying to fulfil her husband's last wishes of returning her children to their patrimony, appealed to the Reichstag in Regensburg to restore her son to Lorraine. Leopold was sent to Vienna to receive a military education under the supervision of the Emperor. In Vienna, he grew up with his cousins, the Archdukes Joseph and Charles, both future Emperors. Leopold was also created a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece that year.

Like his father before him, he entered the Imperial Army and, aged eighteen, took part in the Siege of Timişoara in 1694. Three years later, he received the command of the Army of the Rhine.

Duke of Lorraine

In 1697, the Nine Years' War (aka, War of the League of Augsburg) ended that year with to the signing of the Treaty of Ryswick on 30 October 1697.

The treaty restored the Duchies of Lorraine and Bar to the House of Lorraine, as Leopold's mother had hoped; she died four days later in Vienna. On 17 August 1698, Duke Lepold made a triumphant entry into his capital Nancy. He reconstructed and repopulated his war-stricken duchy, encouraging immigration. At the end of his reign the duchy was safe and prosperous.

In his foreign policy, Leopold tried to further good relations with France and to appease his powerful neighbor. On 13 October 1698 at the Palace of Fontainebleau, Leopold married Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans, the niece of Louis XIV, who had offered a dowry of 900,000 livres to the penniless Duke. Elisabeth Charlotte turned out to be a caring mother and gave birth to thirteen children, of whom five survived into adulthood. Three of them died within a week in May 1711 due to a smallpox outbreak at the Château de Lunéville, the country seat of the Dukes of Lorraine.

Despite Leopold's diplomatic attempts, his capital, Nancy, was occupied by foreign troops during the War of the Spanish Succession (1700–1713). Fearing for his family, Leopold relocated the court to the Château de Lunéville, which Leopold rebuilt the castle as the "Versailles of Lorraine". It was here that his first child Leopold was born in 1700.

In 1703, the Duke introduced the Code Léopold regulating the government of the Duchy. He tried to install his eldest daughter, Elisabeth Charlotte, as Abbess of Remiremont but failed due to the opposition of Pope Clement XI.

Leopold's marital life was troubled in 1706, when he took Anne-Marguerite de Lignéville, Princess of Beauvau-Craon as his mistress, and enriched her family. Elisabeth Charlotte however, following her mother's advice, remained silent.

In 1708, Leopold had claimed the Duchy of Montferrat as the closest relative of his cousin, Charles IV Gonzaga, erstwhile Duke of Mantua, who had been deposed and then died without male issue. However, the Emperor had already promised Montferrat to the Dukes of Savoy but wishing to compensate the House of Lorraine, he gave the Duchy of Teschen in Silesia to Leopold.

In 1710, Leopold and his wife visited Paris to attend the marriage of Elisabeth Charlotte's niece Marie Louise Elisabeth to the Duke of Berry, and were among the guests of the lavish banquet at the Palais du Luxembourg.[1] During the visit, Leopold, as a foreign prince, received the style of Royal Highness.

In 1719, Leopold bought the County of Ligny-en-Barrois from his cousin, Charles Henry of Vaudemont. During his reign a new security system was put in place all around Lorraine.[clarification needed] He tried to abolish serfdom but the redemption payments were too high for the peasantry, even when Leopold halved it. On New Year's Eve 1719 he freed his own serfs without redemption, hoping in vain the nobility would follow his example.[2]

Coin from the reign of Léopold, 1720.
The reverse of the coin, 1720

In 1721, Leopold arranged for his son and heir, Leopold Clement, to receive an education at Vienna. He also intended to forge relations with Archduchess Maria Theresa, the heiress of Emperor Charles VI. However, Leopold Clement died shortly afterwards at Lunéville and in his stead, the younger son Francis Stephen went to Vienna, where he married Maria Theresa. Francis would become Emperor and his descendants, the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, would rule Austria until 1918.

In 1725, Leopold tried to marry off his daughter Anne Charlotte to the young King Louis XV, but Louis Henry, Duke of Bourbon, then prime minister, prevented a union with a descendant of the rival House of Orléans. Then, Elisabeth Charlotte tried to arrange her daughter's marriage to her first cousin, the recently widowed Louis, Duke of Orléans, but Louis refused. All proposals of marriage being either ignored or declined, Anne Charlotte later became Abbess of the monasteries Remiremont and Essen.

In March 1729, Leopold caught a fever while walking at the Château at Ménil near Lunéville. He returned to Lunéville where he died on 27 March, aged 49.

Ancestry

Family of Leopold, Duke of Lorraine
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
16. Charles III, Duke of Lorraine
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8. Francis II, Duke of Lorraine
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
17. Princess Claude of France
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4. Nicolas François, Duke of Lorraine
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18. Paul de Salm, Count of Salm
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
9. Christina of Salm
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
19. Marie Le Veneur
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2. Charles V, Duke of Lorraine
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
20. Charles III, Duke of Lorraine =16
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10. Henri II, Duke of Lorraine
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
21. Princess Claude of France =17
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5. Claude Françoise de Lorraine
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
22. Vincenzo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
11. Margerita Gonzaga
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
23. Eleonora de' Medici
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1. Leopold, Duke of Lorraine
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
24. Archduke Charles of Austria
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
12. Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
25. Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6. Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
26. William V, Duke of Bavaria
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
13. Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
27. Reneta de Lorraine
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3. Eleanor of Austria, Queen of Poland
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
28. Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
14. Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
29. Catherine of Mayenne
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7. Eleanor Gonzaga
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
30. Francesco IV Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15. Maria Gonzaga
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
31. Princess Margaret of Savoy
 
 
 
 
 
 

Issue

See also

References

  1. Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans Archived April 10, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  2. The End of the Old Order in Rural Europe, Jerome Blum, page 210
Regnal titles
Preceded by Duke of Lorraine
1690–1729
Succeeded by
Francis (III) Stephen
Preceded by Duke of Teschen
1722–1729