Lillian Smith (author)

Lillian Smith
File:Lillian Eugenia Smith NYWTS.jpg
Born	Lillian Eugenia Smith (1897-12-12)December 12, 1897 Jasper, Florida
Died
Resting place	Laurel Falls: Clayton, Georgia
Occupation	Writer
Nationality	American
Citizenship	American
Education	Piedmont College, Peabody Conservatory
Literary movement	Civil Rights Movement
Notable works	Strange Fruit (novel)
Partner	Paula Snelling

Lillian Eugenia Smith (12 December 1897 – 28 September 1966) was a writer and social critic of the Southern United States, known most prominently for her best-selling novel Strange Fruit (1944). A white woman who openly embraced controversial positions on matters of race and gender equality, she was a southern liberal unafraid to criticize segregation and work toward the dismantling of Jim Crow laws, at a time when such actions virtually guaranteed social ostracism.

Early life

Smith was born on December 12, 1897, to a prominent family in Jasper, Florida, the seventh of nine children. Her life as the daughter of a middle-class civic and business leader took an abrupt turn in 1915 when her father lost his turpentine mills. The family was not without resources, however, and decided to relocate to their summer residence in the mountains of Clayton, Georgia, where her father had previously purchased property and operated the Laurel Falls Camp for Girls since 1920.

As a young adult financially on her own, she was free to pursue her love of music and teaching for the next five years. She spent a year studying at Piedmont College in Demorest, Georgia, (1915–16). She also had two stints at the Peabody Conservatory in Baltimore in 1917 and 1919. She returned home and helped her parents manage a hotel and taught in two mountain schools before accepting a position to be director of music at a Methodist school for girls in Huzhou (now Wuxing, Zhejiang), China. She was not a churchgoer and did not consider herself religious, however this time abroad gave way for a pivotal moment in Smith's awareness of the Southern double standard. She studied Chinese philosophy during her time overseas and by living in China was exposed to the similarities between the suppression of the Chinese and African-Americans in the States.

Her time in China was limited, however, by her father's declining health, so she was forced to return home to the States in 1925. Back in Georgia, she assumed the role of heading the Laurel Falls Camp, a position she would hold for the next 23 years (1925–48). Laurel Falls Camp soon became very popular under her direction as an innovative educational institution known for its instruction in the arts, music, drama, and modern psychology. Her father died in 1930, and she was left with responsibility for the family business and the care of her ill mother.

Personal life and career

During her time at the family camp, Lillian Smith soon formed a lifelong relationship with one of the camp's school counselors, Paula Snelling, of Pinehurst, Georgia. The two remained closeted as a lesbian couple for the rest of their lives, as their correspondence has shown. In the South, gender roles were binarily distinct and Smith never addressed her sexuality openly. However, some of her literature's characters were lesbians. At that time, homosexuality was more of a taboo in Southern society than even desegregation.

Smith and Snelling began publishing a small, quarterly literary magazine, Pseudopodia, in 1936. The magazine encouraged writers, Black or White, to offer honest assessments of modern Southern life, to challenge for social and economic reform, and it criticized those who ignored the Old South's poverty and racial injustice. It quickly gained regional fame as a forum for liberal thought, undergoing two name changes to reflect its expanding scope. In 1937 it became the North Georgia Review, and in 1942, the title was changed to its final form, South Today. South Today ceased publication in 1945. All issues of Pseudopodia/North Georgia Review/South Today are available online through the Archives Online of Piedmont College Library in Demorest, Georgia.

In 1944, she published the bestselling novel Strange Fruit, which dealt with the then-forbidden and controversial theme of interracial romance. The title was originally Jordan is so Chilly, with Smith later changing the title to Strange Fruit. In her autobiography, singer Billie Holiday wrote that Smith chose to name the book after her song "Strange Fruit", which is about lynching, although Smith maintained that the book's title referred to the "damaged, twisted people (both black and white) who are the products or results of our racist culture." After the book's release, the book was banned in Boston and Detroit for "lewdness" and crude language. Strange Fruit was also banned from being mailed through the U.S. Post Office Department, with the ban against the book being lifted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt after his wife Eleanor requested it of him.

In 1949, Smith wrote the book Killers of the Dream, a collection of essays that attempted to identify, challenge and dismantle the Old South's racist traditions, customs and beliefs, warning that racial segregation corrupted the soul. She also emphasized the negative implications on the minds of women and children. Written in a confessional and autobiographical style that was highly critical of Southern moderates, it was largely ignored by critics of the time.

Civil Rights activism

One of the ways Smith started openly discussing the problems of segregation was during her counseling of campers at Laurel Falls. It was this period of creative control over the camp that allowed her to use it as a place to discuss modern social issues, like the dangers of inequality and how to improve their society as women. In 1955, the civil rights movement grabbed the entire nation's attention with the Montgomery bus boycott. By this time she had been meeting or corresponding with many southern Blacks and liberal whites for years and was well aware of Blacks' concerns. In response to Brown v. Board of Education, the ruling that outlawed segregation in schools, she wrote Now Is the Time (1955), calling for compliance with the new court decision. She called the new ruling "every child's Magna Carta".

Death

Smith battled breast cancer from the early 1950s on, ultimately dying of the disease on September 28, 1966, at the age of 68. Her book The Journey (1954) details some of this battle. She is buried near the old theater chimney at Laurel Falls camp atop Screamer Mountain, in Clayton, Georgia.

Legacy

Today, Strange Fruit remains her most famous work, translated into 15 languages.

In 1999, Lillian Smith received the Georgia Women of Achievement Award.

Since 1968, the Lillian Smith Book Awards have been presented annually, except for 2003 when the Southern Regional Council experienced funding shortfalls. It is the South's oldest and best-known book award, and is presented in fiction and non-fiction categories. It is meant to honor those authors who, through their outstanding writing about the American South, carry on Smith's legacy of elucidating the condition of racial and social inequity and proposing a vision of justice and human understanding. According to Cheryl Johnson's "The Language of Sexuality and Silence in Lillian Smith's Strange Fruit", her work examines many different perspectives of American consciousness and is a great source to better understand Southern history post-Civil War through the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s.

Selected works

• Strange Fruit (1944) ISBN 9781568494203, OCLC 184751847
• Killers of the Dream, (1949) ISBN 9780393311600, OCLC 951462511
• The Journey, New York: Norton,(1954) OCLC 745967889
• Now Is the Time, New York: Viking Press (1955) ISBN 9781578066315. OCLC 53091211
• One Hour, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press (1959), OCLC 962028726 – an attack on McCarthyism in the form of a novel
• Memory of a Large Christmas, New York: Norton, (1962) ISBN 9780820318424. OCLC 53263972
• Our Faces, Our Words, New York: W.W. Norton (1964), OCLC 558156250 – an ode to the non-violent resistance of the civil rights movement

Collections

• The Winner Names the Age: A Collection of Writings, New York: Norton (1978) ISBN 9780393300444, OCLC 16501127
• How Am I to be Heard?: Letters of Lillian Smith, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press (1993) ISBN 9780807820957, OCLC 925154234
• A Lillian Smith Reader, Athens: The University of Georgia Press (2016) ISBN 9780820349985, OCLC 965151015

Further reading

• Louise Blackwell and Frances Clay, Lillian Smith. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc. 1971.

External links

• Lillian Smith Book Award History @ University of Georgia
• National Women's History Project biography section
• Bruce Clayton, "Lillian Smith (1897-1966)", The New Georgia Encyclopedia
• The Lillian E. Smith Center of Piedmont College
• Miss Lil's Camp - a documentary
• "Lillian Smith: Breaking the Silence" - a 2019 documentary
• Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Lillian Eugenia Smith collection, 1940-1962