Linobambaki

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The Linobambaki or Linovamvaki were a Catholic community in Cyprus[1] who had been persecuted for their religion during Ottoman rule. They assimilated into the Turkish Cypriot community during British rule.[2][3]

Etymology

The word Linobambaki comes from Greek Λινοβάμβακοι, which derives from the combination of the words λινό (lino) "linen" and βαμβάκι (vamvaki) "cotton".[4] The term was used as a metaphor in order to demonstrate that even though they had Latin Catholic origins, they chose to appear outwardly Muslim.[5]

History

File:Hassan Poulia.jpg
Hassan Pouli (Hasan Bulli), a historical figure in Cypriot folklore

The Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–73) concluded with the remainder of Cyprus under Ottoman rule, and immediately after the war, sanctions were put in place for the Latin population of the island.[6] With Ottoman-Venetian rivalry at its peak, the Ottomans feared the security risk posed by the Latin Catholics of Cyprus, and in particular that they would entice the Venetians to return. As a result, Ottoman tolerance towards the Catholic community was much less than towards the Greek Orthodox community.[7] In addition to political and religious pressure, there was an economic oppression that included removing their rights to own property. The Catholic inhabitants affected by these acts consisted of Latins, Venetians, Genoeses, Maronites and Armenians who had converted to Islam in order to avoid slavery, oppression, or death and eventually derived the name of Linobambaki.[8]

The Linobambaki did not outwardly practice or demonstrate their religious beliefs, due to their faux conversion. Thus in their daily life, they chose to have either one Christian and one Muslim name, or a common name found in both faiths like Ibrahim (Abraham), Yusuf (Joseph) or Musa (Moses).[9] At annual conscription they were often drafted into the Ottoman army,[10] and they avoided paying taxes for non-Muslims. The Linobambaki did not entirely convert to a traditional Muslim life, and only demonstrated religious practices and beliefs that would gain them advantages only afforded to Muslims. For example, they frequently consumed alcohol and pork,[11] and didn’t attend religious services; traditions similar to continuing Turkish Cypriot culture today. Many of the Linobambaki villages have Christian saint names that begin with άγιος (ayios), or “saint” to attribute their Latin Catholic origins. Linobambaki’s cultural roots and history can be found throughout Turkish Cypriot life and literature. For example, two of the most prominent main characters from Cypriot folklore are “Gavur Imam” and “Hasan Bulli”.[12] Linobambaki became a part of the majority of all uprisings and revolts against Ottoman rule, and other local government bodies on the island.[13]

Such pseudo-Muslim Catholics are not unique to Cyprus, also existing in Albania, Kosovo, and Bosnia.

Settlements

Many of the villages and neighbouring areas accepted as Turkish Cypriot estates, were formerly Linobambaki activity centers. These include:

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Today

File:2011 Turkish Cypriot protests.jpg
A protester from the LINOBAMBAKI organization in the 2011 Turkish Cypriot protests

The Ottoman Empire's millet system was abolished during British administration. In this period, the people of Cyprus were split into two main groups in censuses and administrative records.[25] Because of the polarization politics of the British administration, Linobambaki were integrated into the Turkish Cypriot community.[11] There were still Greek speaking settlements that identified themselves as Turkish Cypriots during the 1950s; settlements such as Lapithos, Platanissos, Agios Symeon and Galinoporni.[26]

There is currently a non-governmental organization called "LINOBAMBAKI" in Cyprus.[27]

See also

References

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  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Mikropoulos2008" defined multiple times with different content
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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