List of African-American firsts

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. African Americans (also known as Black Americans and Afro-Americans) are an ethnic group in the United States. The first achievements by African Americans in various fields historically marked footholds, often leading to more widespread cultural change. The shorthand phrase for this is "breaking the color barrier".^[1]^[2]

One commonly cited example is that of Jackie Robinson, who was the first African American of the modern era to become a Major League Baseball player, ending 60 years of segregated Negro Leagues.^[3]

Contents
18th century 19th century: 1800s • 1810s • 1820s • 1830s • 1840s • 1850s • 1860s • 1870s • 1880s • 1890s 20th century: 1900s • 1910s • 1920s • 1930s • 1940s • 1950s • 1960s • 1970s • 1980s • 1990s 21st century: 2000s • 2010s See also Notes References External links

18th century

1730s–1770s

1738

First free African-American community: Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose (later named Fort Mose) in Florida

1760

First known African-American published author: Jupiter Hammon (poem "An Evening Thought: Salvation by Christ with Penitential Cries", published as a broadside)^[4]

1768

First known African American to be elected to public office: Wentworth Cheswell, town constable in Newmarket, New Hampshire.^[5]

1773

First known African-American woman to publish a book: Phillis Wheatley (Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral)^[6]
First separate African-American church: Silver Bluff Baptist Church, Aiken County, South Carolina^[7]^[8]^{[Note 1]}

1775

First African American to join the Freemasons: Prince Hall

1778

First African-American U.S. military regiment: the 1st Rhode Island Regiment^[9]

1780s–1790s

1783

First African American to formally practice medicine: James Derham, who did not hold an M.D. degree^[10] (See also 1847 firsts)

1792

First major African-American Back-to-Africa movement: 3,000 Black Loyalist slaves, who had escaped to British lines during the American Revolutionary War for the promise of freedom, were relocated to Nova Scotia and given land. Later, 1,200 chose to migrate and settle in the new British colony of Settler Town, which developed as Sierra Leone, in West Africa.

1793

First African Methodist Episcopal Church established: Richard Allen founded Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

1794

First African Episcopal Church established: Absalom Jones founded African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

19th century

1800s

1804

First African American ordained as an Episcopal priest: Absalom Jones in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania^[11]

1810s

1816

First fully independent African-American denomination: African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and mid-Atlantic states

1820s

1821

First African American to hold a patent: Thomas L. Jennings, for a dry-cleaning process^[12]

1822

First African-American captain to sail a whaleship with an all-black crew: Absalom Boston^[13]

1823

First African American to receive a degree from an American college: Alexander Twilight, Middlebury College^[14] (See also: 1836)

1827

First African-American owned-and-operated newspaper: Freedom's Journal, founded in New York City by Rev. Peter Williams, Jr. and other free blacks.

1830s

1836

First African American elected to public office and to serve in a state legislature: Alexander Twilight, Vermont^[14] (See also: 1823)

1837

First formally trained African-American Medical Doctor: Dr. James McCune Smith of New York City, who was educated at the University of Glasgow, Scotland and returned to practice in New York.^[15] (See also: 1783, 1847)

1840s

1845

First African American licensed to practice law: Macon Allen from the Boston bar^[16]

1847

First African American to graduate from a US medical school: Dr. David J. Peck^[17] (Rush Medical College) (See also: 1783, 1837)
First African-American president of any nation: Joseph Jenkins Roberts, Liberia^[18]

1849

First African-American college professor at a predominantly white institution: Charles L. Reason, New York Central College^[19]

1850s

Patrick Francis Healy

William Wells Brown

Daniel Alexander Payne

Moses Fleetwood Walker

Matilda Sissieretta Joyner Jones

1851

First African-American member of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits): Patrick Francis Healy^[20] (See also: 1866, 1874)

1853

First novel published by an African American: Clotel; or, The President's Daughter, by William Wells Brown, then living in London.^{[Note 2]}^[21]^[22]

1854

First African-American Roman Catholic priest: James Augustine Healy^[23] (see 1875 and 1886)
First institute of higher learning created to educate African Americans: Ashmun Institute in Pennsylvania, renamed Lincoln University in 1866. (See also firsts in 1863)

1858

First published play by an African American: The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom by William Wells Brown^[24]
First African-American woman college instructor: Sarah Jane Woodson Early, Wilberforce College^[25]

1860s

1861

First North American military unit with African-American officers: 1st Louisiana Native Guard of the Confederate Army
First African-American US federal government civil servant: William Cooper Nell^[26]

1862

First African-American woman to earn a B.A.: Mary Jane Patterson, Oberlin College^[27]
First recognized U.S. Army African-American combat unit: 1st South Carolina Volunteers

1863

First college owned and operated by African Americans: Wilberforce University in Ohio^[28]^{[Note 3]} (See also: 1854)
First African-American president of a college: Bishop Daniel Payne (Wilberforce University)^[29]

1864

First African-American woman in the United States to earn an M.D.: Rebecca Davis Lee Crumpler^[30]

1865

First African-American field officer in the U.S. Army: Martin Delany^[31]
First African-American attorney admitted to the bar of the U.S. Supreme Court: John Stewart Rock^[32]
First African American to be commissioned as captain in the Regular U.S. Army: Orindatus Simon Bolivar Wall, known as OSB Wall^[33]

1866

First African American to earn a Ph.D.: Father Patrick Francis Healy from University of Leuven, Belgium^[20] (See also 1851, 1874)
First African-American woman enlistee in the U.S. Army: Cathay Williams^[34]
First African-American woman to serve as a professor: Sarah Jane Woodson Early; Xenia, Ohio's Wilberforce University hired her to teach Latin and English

1868

First elected African-American Lieutenant Governor: Oscar Dunn (Louisiana).^[35]
First African-American mayor: Pierre Caliste Landry, Donaldsonville, Louisiana^[36]
First African American elected to the U.S. House of Representatives: John Willis Menard.^[37] His opponent contested his election, and opposition to his election prevented him from being seated in Congress. (See also: 1870)

1869

First African-American U.S. diplomat: Ebenezer Don Carlos Bassett, minister to Haiti^[38]
First African-American woman school principal: Fanny Jackson Coppin (Institute for Colored Youth)^[39]

1870s

1870

First African American to vote in an election under the 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution, granting voting rights regardless of race: Thomas Mundy Peterson^[40]
First African American to graduate from Harvard College: Richard Theodore Greener.^[41]
First African American elected to the U.S. Senate, and first to serve in the U.S. Congress: Hiram Rhodes Revels (R–MS).^[42]^{[Note 4]}
First African American to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives: Joseph Rainey (R-SC).^[43]^{[Note 5]}

1872

First African-American midshipman admitted to the United States Naval Academy: John H. Conyers (nominated by Robert B. Elliott of South Carolina).^[44]
First African-American governor (non-elected): P. B. S. Pinchback of Louisiana (See also: Douglas Wilder, 1990)^[45]
First African-American nominee for Vice President of the United States: Frederick Douglass by the Equal Rights Party.^[46]^{[Note 6]}

1874

First African-American president of a major college/university: Father Patrick Francis Healy, S.J. of Georgetown College.^[20] (See also: 1851, 1863, 1866)
First African American to preside over the House of Representatives as Speaker pro tempore: Joseph Rainey^[47]

1875

First African-American Roman Catholic bishop: Bishop James Augustine Healy, of Portland, Maine.^[23] (See also: 1854)

1876

First African American to earn a doctorate degree from an American university: Edward Alexander Bouchet (Yale College Ph.D., physics; also first African American to graduate from Yale, 1874)^[48] (See also: 1866)

1877

First African-American graduate of West Point and first African-American commissioned officer in the U.S. military: Henry Ossian Flipper.^[49]

1878

First African-American police officer in Boston, Massachusetts: Sergeant Horatio Julius Homer.^[50]
First African-American baseball player in organized professional baseball: John W. "Bud" Fowler.^[51]

1879

First African American to graduate from a formal nursing school: Mary Eliza Mahoney, Boston, Massachusetts.^[52]

1880s

1880

First African American to command a U.S. ship: Captain Michael Healy.^[53]

1881

First African American whose signature appeared on U.S. paper currency: Blanche K. Bruce, Register of the Treasury.^[54]

1882

First first fully state-supported four-year institution of higher learning for African-Americans: Virginia State University

1883

First known African-American woman to graduate from one of the Seven Sisters colleges: Hortense Parker (Mount Holyoke College)^[55]^{[Note 7]}

1884

First African American to play professional baseball at the major-league level: Moses Fleetwood Walker.^[56] (See also: Jackie Robinson, 1947)
First African-American woman to hold a patent: Judy W. Reed, for an improved dough kneader, Washington, D.C.^[57]^{[Note 8]}

1886

First African-American Roman Catholic priest publicly known at the time to be African-American: Augustine Tolton, Quincy and Chicago, Illinois^[58] (See also: 1854)

1890s

1891

First African-American police officer in present-day New York City: Wiley Overton, hired by the Brooklyn Police Department prior to 1898 incorporation of the five boroughs into the City of New York.^[59] (See also: Samuel J. Battle, 1911)

1892

First African American to sing at Carnegie Hall: Matilda Sissieretta Joyner Jones^[60]
First African American named to a College Football All-America Team: William H. Lewis, Harvard University^[61]

1895

First African American to earn a doctorate degree (Ph.D.) from Harvard University: W.E.B. Du Bois^[62]
First African-American woman to work for the United States Postal Service: Mary Fields^[63]

1898

First African American appointed to serve as U.S. Army Paymaster: Richard R. Wright

1899

First African American to achieve world championship in any sport: Marshall "Major" Taylor, for 1-mile track cycling^[64]

20th century

1901

First African American invited to dine at the White House: Booker T. Washington^[65]

1902

First African-American professional basketball player: Harry Lew (New England Professional Basketball League)^[66] (See also: 1950)
First African-American boxing champion, Joe Gans a lightweight

1903

First Broadway musical written by African Americans, and the first to star African Americans: In Dahomey
First African-American woman to found and become president of a bank: Maggie L. Walker, St. Luke Penny Savings Bank (since 1930 the Consolidated Bank & Trust Company), Richmond, Virginia^[67]

1904

First Greek-letter fraternal organization established by African Americans: Sigma Pi Phi
First African American to participate in the Olympic Games, and first to win a medal: George Poage (two bronze medals)^[68]

1906

First intercollegiate Greek-letter organization established by African Americans: Alpha Phi Alpha (ΑΦΑ), at Cornell University

1907

First African-American Greek Orthodox priest and missionary in America: Very Rev. Fr. Robert Josias Morgan^[69]

1908

First African-American heavyweight boxing champion: Jack Johnson^[70]
First African-American Olympic gold medal winner: John Taylor (Track and field medley relay team).^[71] (See also: DeHart Hubbard, 1924)
First intercollegiate Greek-letter sorority established by African Americans: Alpha Kappa Alpha (ΑKΑ) at Howard University

1910s

1910

First African-American woman millionaire: Madam C. J. Walker^[72]

1911

First intercollegiate Greek-letter fraternity established by African Americans at a historically black college: Omega Psi Phi (ΩΨΦ), at Howard University
First African-American police officer in New York City: Samuel J. Battle, following the 1898 incorporation of the five boroughs into the City of New York, and the hiring of three African-American officers in the Brooklyn Police Department. Battle was also the NYPD's first African-American sergeant (1926), lieutenant (1935), and parole commissioner (1941).^[59] (See also: Wiley Overton, 1891)
First African-American attorney admitted to the American Bar Association: William Henry Lewis^[73]

1914

First African-American military pilot: Eugene Jacques Bullard

1915

First African-American alderman of Chicago: Oscar Stanton De Priest^[74]

1916

First African-American football player to play in a Rose Bowl game: Fritz Pollard, Brown University^[75]
First African-American serviceman to become a colonel in the U.S. Army: Charles Young^[76]^[77]

1917

First African-American woman to win a major sports title: Lucy Diggs Slowe, American Tennis Association^[78]

1919

First African-American special agent for the FBI: James Wormley Jones^[79]^[80]

1920s

1920

First African-American NFL football players: Fritz Pollard (Akron Pros) and Bobby Marshall (Rock Island Independents)^[81]
First African-American bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church: Robert Elijah Jones and Matthew Wesley Clair.^[82]

1921

First African-American woman to become an aviation pilot, first American to hold an international pilot license: Bessie Coleman^[83]
First African-American NFL football coach: Fritz Pollard, co-head coach, Akron Pros, while continuing to play running back^[81]
First African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in the U.S.: Sadie Tanner Mossell, Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania^[84]

1924

First African American to win individual Olympic gold medal: DeHart Hubbard (Long jump, 1924 Summer Olympics).^[85] (See also: John Taylor, 1908)

1925

First African-American Foreign Service Officer: Clifton R. Wharton, Sr.^[86]

1927

First African American to become an officer in the New York Fire Department in New York City: Wesley Augustus Williams.^[87]
First African American to star in an international motion picture: Josephine Baker in La Sirène des tropiques.^[88]

1928

First post-Reconstruction African American elected to U.S. House of Representatives: Oscar Stanton De Priest (Republican; Illinois)^[89]

1929

First African-American sportscaster: Sherman "Jocko" Maxwell (WNJR, Newark, New Jersey)^[90]

1930s

1931

First African-American composer to have symphony performed by leading orchestra: William Grant Still, Symphony No. 1, by Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra^{[citation needed]}
First African-American woman to graduate from Yale Law School: Jane Matilda Bolin

1932

First African American on a presidential ticket in the 20th century: James W. Ford (Communist Party USA, as vice-presidential candidate running with William Z. Foster)^[91]

1934

First African American elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Democrat: Arthur W. Mitchell (Illinois)^[92]
First trade union set up for African-American domestic workers by Dora Lee Jones^{[relevant? – discuss]}

1935

First known interracial jazz group: Benny Goodman Trio (Benny Goodman, Teddy Wilson, Gene Krupa)^[93]

1936

First African American to conduct a major U.S. orchestra: William Grant Still (Los Angeles Philharmonic)^[94]
First African-American women selected for the Olympic Games: Tidye Pickett and Louise Stokes.^[95] Stokes did not compete; Picket competed in the 80-meter hurdles)^[96]^:86

1937

First African-American federal magistrate: William H. Hastie (later the first African-American governor of the United States Virgin Islands)^[97]

1938

First African-American woman federal agency head: Mary McLeod Bethune (National Youth Administration)^[98]

1939

First African American to star in her own television program: Ethel Waters, The Ethel Waters Show, on NBC^[99]

1940s

1940

Hattie McDaniel

First African American to win an Academy Award: Hattie McDaniel (Best Supporting Actress, Gone with the Wind, 1939)^[100]
First African American to be portrayed on a U.S. postage stamp: Booker T. Washington^[101]
First African-American flag officer: BG Benjamin O. Davis, Sr., U.S. Army^[102]^{[Note 9]}

1941

First African American to give a White House Command Performance: Josh White^[103]

1942

First African American to be awarded the Navy Cross: Doris Miller
First African-American member of the U.S. Marine Corps: Alfred Masters^[104]

1943

Martin A. Martin, first African American to become a member of the Trial Bureau of the United States Department of Justice, was sworn in on May 31, 1943.^[105]
First African-American artists to have a #1 hit on the Billboard charts: Mills Brothers ("Paper Doll"), topped "Best Sellers in Stores" chart on November 6 (See also: Tommy Edwards, 1958; The Platters, 1959)^{[relevant? – discuss]}

1944

First African American commissioned officers in the U.S. Navy: The "Golden Thirteen"^[106]
First African American commissioned as a U.S. Navy officer from the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps: Samuel Gravely.^[107]^{[Note 10]}
First African American to co-pastor with a white minister at the first interracial church: Dr. Howard Thurman with Dr. Alfred Fisk, Church for the Fellowship of All Peoples, San Francisco^{[relevant? – discuss]}
First African American to receive a contract with a major American opera company: Camilla Williams^[108]
First known African American comic book artist: Matt Baker in Jumbo Comics #69 for Fiction House^[109]

1945

First African-American member of the New York City Opera: Todd Duncan^{[relevant? – discuss]}
First African-American U.S. Marine Corps officer: Frederick C. Branch^[110]

1947

First African-American Major League Baseball player of the modern era: Jackie Robinson (Brooklyn Dodgers).^[111] (See also: Moses Fleetwood Walker, 1884)
First African-American consensus college All-American basketball player: Don Barksdale^[112]
First African-American artist to receive sole credit for a #1 hit on the Billboard charts: Count Basie ("Open the Door, Richard"), topped "Best Sellers in Stores" chart on February 22 (See also: Mills Brothers, 1943; Nat King Cole, 1950; Tommy Edwards, 1958; The Platters, 1959)^{[citation needed]}
First African-American full-time faculty member at a predominantly white law school: William Robert Ming (University of Chicago Law School)^[19]
First comic book produced entirely by African-Americans: All-Negro Comics^[113]

1948

First African-American man to receive an Academy Award: James Baskett (Honorary Academy Award for his portrayal of "Uncle Remus" in Song of the South, 1946)^[114] (See also: Sidney Poitier, 1964)
First African-American U.S. Navy aviator: Jesse L. Brown^[115]
First African-American composer to have an opera performed by a major U.S. company: William Grant Still (Troubled Island, New York City Opera)^[116]
First African-American woman to win an Olympic gold medal: Alice Coachman^[117]
First African American since Reconstruction to enroll at a traditionally white university of the South: Silas Hunt (University of Arkansas Law School)^[118]^{[Note 11]}
First known African-American star of a regularly scheduled network television series: Bob Howard, The Bob Howard Show^[99]^[120]^[121]^{[Note 12]} (See also: 1956)
First African American to star in network television sitcom: Amanda Randolph, The Laytons^[99]^[122]

1949

First African-American graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy: Wesley Brown^[123]
First African American to hold rank of Ambassador of the United States: Edward R. Dudley, ambassador, and previously minister, to Liberia^[124] (See also: 1869)
First African American to win an MVP award in Major League Baseball: Jackie Robinson (Brooklyn Dodgers, National League)^[125] (See also: Elston Howard, 1963)
First African-American owned and operated radio station: WERD, established October 3, 1949 in Atlanta, Georgia by Jesse B. Blayton, Sr.^[126]

1950s

1950

First African American to win a Tony Award: Juanita Hall (Best Featured Actress in a Musical, South Pacific)^[127]
First African American to win Pulitzer Prize: Gwendolyn Brooks (Book of poetry, Annie Allen, 1949)^[128]
First African American to win Nobel Peace Prize: Ralph Bunche^[129]
First African American to receive a "lifetime" (officially "during good behavior") appointment as federal judge: William H. Hastie, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit^[130]
First African-American woman to compete on the world tennis tour: Althea Gibson^[131]
First African-American solo singer to have a #1 hit on the Billboard charts: Nat King Cole ("Mona Lisa"), topped "Best Sellers in Stores" chart on July 15 (See also: Mills Brothers, 1943; Count Basie, 1947; Tommy Edwards, 1958; The Platters, 1959)^{[citation needed]}
First African-American delegate to the United Nations: Edith S. Sampson^[132] (See also: 1961)
First African-American NBA basketball players: Nat "Sweetwater" Clifton (New York Knicks), Chuck Cooper (Boston Celtics), and Earl Lloyd (Washington Capitols).^[133] Note: Harold Hunter was the first to sign an NBA contract, signing with the Washington Capitols on April 26, 1950.^[134]^[135] However, he was cut from the team during training camp and did not play professionally.^[136]^{[Note 13]} (See also: 1902)

1951

First African American named to the College Football Hall of Fame: Duke Slater, University of Iowa (1918–1921)^[137]
First African-American quarterback to become a regular starter for a professional football team: Bernie Custis (Hamilton Tiger-Cats) ^[138]

1952

First African-American driver in NASCAR: Wendell Scott (See also: 2015)
First African-American woman elected to a U.S. state senate: Cora Brown, Democrat (Michigan)^[139]
First African-American U.S. Marine Corps aviator: Frank E. Petersen^[140]
First African-American woman to be nominated for a national political office: Charlotta Bass, Vice President (Progressive Party) (See also: 2000)

^[141]

1953

First African-American basketball player to play in the NBA All-Star Game: Don Barksdale in the 1953 NBA All-Star Game^[112]
First African-American quarterback to play in the National Football League during the modern (post-World War II) era: Willie Thrower (Chicago Bears)^[142]

1954

First African-American U.S. Navy Diver: Carl Brashear^[143]
First African-American woman to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress: Dorothy Dandridge (Carmen Jones, 1954).^[144]^{[Note 14]}
First individual African-American woman as subject on the cover of Life magazine: Dorothy Dandridge, November 1, 1954^[144]
First African-American page for the U.S. Supreme Court, and first to be enrolled in the Capitol Page School: Charles V. Bush^[145]

1955

First African-American member of the Metropolitan Opera: Marian Anderson^[146]
First African-American male dancer in a major ballet company: Arthur Mitchell (New York City Ballet); also first African-American principal dancer of a major ballet company (NYCB), 1956.^[147] (See also: 1969)
First African-American singer to appear in a telecast opera: Leontyne Price in NBC's production of Tosca^{[relevant? – discuss]}
First African-American pilot of a scheduled US airline: August Martin (cargo airline Seaboard & Western Airlines)^[148]^[149] (See also: 1964)
First African American to serve as a presidential executive assistant: E. Frederic Morrow, appointed by President Eisenhower as Administrative Officer for Special Projects.^[150]

1956

First African-American star of a nationwide network TV show: Nat King Cole of the Nat King Cole Show, NBC (See also: 1948)
First African-American U.S. Secret Service agent: Charles Gittens^[151]^[152]
First African American to win the Cy Young Award as the top pitcher in Major League Baseball, in the award's inaugural year: Don Newcombe (Brooklyn Dodgers)^[153]

1957

First African-American woman Wimbledon Tennis Champion Althea Gibson
First African-American assistant coach in the NFL: Lowell W. Perry (See also: 1966)^[154]
First African American to win the Best Actor Award at the Cannes Film Festival: John Kitzmiller (Dolina Miru)^{[citation needed]}
First African American to win Major League Baseball's Gold Glove, in the award's inaugural year: Willie Mays (New York Giants)^[155]^{[Note 15]}

1958

First African American to reach number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100: Tommy Edwards ("It's All in the Game"), September 29 (See also: The Platters, 1959)^{[citation needed]}
First African-American flight attendant: Ruth Carol Taylor (Mohawk Airlines)^[156]

1959

First African-American Grammy Award winners, in the award's inaugural year: Ella Fitzgerald and Count Basie (two awards each)^[157]
First African-American television journalist: Louis Lomax
First African-American group to reach #1 on the Billboard Hot 100: The Platters ("Smoke Gets in Your Eyes"), January 19 (See also: Tommy Edwards, 1958)
First African American to win a major national player of the year award in college basketball: Oscar Robertson, USBWA Player of the Year^{[Note 16]} (in that award's inaugural year)

1960s

1960

First African-American U.S. presidential candidate: Rev. Clennon King, on the Independent Afro-American party
First African-American child to attend an all-white elementary school in the South: Ruby Bridges

1961

First African American to win the Heisman Trophy: Ernie Davis
First African American to serve on a U.S. district court: James Benton Parsons, appointed to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois
First African-American tenor to sing leading roles for the Metropolitan Opera: George Shirley
First African-American delegate to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization: Edith S. Sampson (See also: 1950)
First African-American to go over Niagara Falls: Nathan Boya a.k.a. William FitzGerald
First African-American to join the PGA Tour: Charlie Sifford ^[158]

1962

First African American to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame: Jackie Robinson (See also: Satchel Paige, 1971)
First African-American coach in Major League Baseball: John Jordan "Buck" O'Neil (Chicago Cubs)
First African-American composer nominated for an Academy Award: Duke Ellington (Best Music, Scoring of a Motion Picture, Paris Blues)^{[citation needed]}
First African-American attorney general of a state: Edward Brooke (Massachusetts) (See also: 1966)

1963

First African-American bank examiner for the United States Department of the Treasury: Roland Burris
First African American named as Time magazine's Man of the Year: Martin Luther King, Jr.^[159]
First African-American police officer of the NYPD to be named a precinct commander: Lloyd Sealy, commander of the NYPD's 28th Precinct in Harlem.^[59]
First African American to be named American League MVP: Elston Howard (New York Yankees) (See also: Jackie Robinson, 1949)
First African-American chess master: Walter Harris^[160]^[161]
First African American to appear as a series regular on a primetime dramatic television series: Cicely Tyson, "East Side/West Side" (CBS).
First African-American to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award: Diahann Carroll, for Outstanding Single Performance by an Actress in a Lead Role, for episode "A Horse Has a Big Head, Let Him Worry" of Naked City
First African Americans inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame: New York Renaissance, inducted as a team. (See also: Bob Douglas, 1972; Bill Russell, 1975; Clarence Gaines, 1982)
First African American to graduate from the U.S. Air Force Academy: Charles V. Bush.

1964

First African-American pilot for a major commercial airline: David Harris, American Airlines^[162]^{[Note 17]} (See also: 1955 and Marlon Green)
First movie with African-American interracial marriage: One Potato, Two Potato,^[164] actors Bernie Hamilton and Barbara Barrie, written by Orville H. Hampton, Raphael Hayes, directed by Larry Peerce
First African-American man to win the Academy Award for Best Actor: Sidney Poitier (Lilies of the Field, 1963) (See also: James Baskett, 1948)
First African-American baseball player to be named the Major League Baseball World Series MVP: Bob Gibson, St. Louis Cardinals^[165]

1965

First African-American nationally syndicated cartoonist: Morrie Turner (Wee Pals)
First African-American title character of a comic book series: Lobo (Dell Comics).^[166]^{[Note 18]} (See also: The Falcon, 1969, and Luke Cage, 1972)
First African-American star of a network television drama: Bill Cosby, I Spy (co-star with Robert Culp)
First African-American cast member of a daytime soap opera: Micki Grant who played Peggy Nolan Harris on Another World until 1972.
First African-American Playboy Playmate centerfold: Jennifer Jackson (March issue)
First African-American U.S. Air Force General: Benjamin Oliver Davis, Jr. (Three-star General)
First African-American woman Ambassador of the United States: Patricia Roberts Harris, ambassador to Luxembourg
First African-American NFL official: Burl Toler, field judge/head linesman
First African-American to win a national chess championship: Frank Street, Jr. (U.S. Amateur Championship)^[167]
First African-American United States Solicitor General: Thurgood Marshall (See also: 1967)

1966

First African American male to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and first African American to win a Primetime Emmy Award: Bill Cosby, I Spy
First African-American coach in the National Basketball Association: Bill Russell (Boston Celtics)
First African-American mayor of a U.S. city: Robert C. Henry, (Springfield, Ohio, appointed by city commission)
First African-American model on the cover of a Vogue (British Vogue) magazine: Donyale Luna
First post-Reconstruction African American elected to the U.S. Senate (and first African American elected to the U.S. Senate by popular vote): Edward Brooke (Republican; Massachusetts) (See also: 1962)
First African American Cabinet secretary: Robert C. Weaver (Department of Housing and Urban Development)
First African-American Major League Baseball umpire: Emmett Ashford
First African-American NFL broadcaster: Lowell W. Perry^{[citation needed]} (CBS, on Pittsburgh Steelers games) (See also: 1957)
First African-American fire commissioner of a major U.S. City: Robert O. Lowery of the New York City Fire Department

1967

First African American elected mayor of a large US city: Carl B. Stokes (Cleveland, Ohio)
First African American appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States: Thurgood Marshall (See also: 1965)
First African American selected for astronaut training: Robert Henry Lawrence, Jr.
First African American to be inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame: Emlen Tunnell
First African-American interracial kiss on network television: entertainers Nancy Sinatra (Caucasian) and Sammy Davis, Jr. (African American) on Sinatra's variety special Movin' With Nancy, airing December 11 on NBC^[168] (See also: 1968)

1968

First African-American interracial kiss on a network television drama: Uhura, played by Nichelle Nichols (African American), and Captain Kirk, played by William Shatner (white Canadian): Star Trek: "Plato's Stepchildren" (See also: 1967)
First African-American woman elected to U.S. House of Representatives: Shirley Chisholm (Democrat; New York)
First African-American appointed as a United States Assistant Secretary of State: Barbara M. Watson
First African American to start at quarterback in the modern era of professional football: Marlin Briscoe (Denver Broncos, AFL)
First African-American commissioned officer awarded the Medal of Honor: Riley L. Pitts
First fine-arts museum devoted to African-American work: Studio Museum in Harlem
First African-American actress to star in her own television series where she did not play a domestic worker: Diahann Carroll in Julia
First African-American woman as Presidential candidate: Charlene Mitchell (See also: Shirley Chisholm, 1972)
First African-American woman reporter for The New York Times: Nancy Hicks Maynard
First African-American starring character of a comic strip: Danny Raven in Dateline: Danger! by Al McWilliams and John Saunders.^[169]^[170]

1969

First African-American superhero: The Falcon, Marvel Comics' Captain America #117 (September 1969).^[171]^{[Note 18]} (See also: Lobo, 1965 and Luke Cage, 1972)
First African-American graduate of Harvard Business School: Lillian Lincoln
First African-American director of a major Hollywood motion picture: Gordon Parks (The Learning Tree)
First African-American founder of a classical training school and company of ballet: Arthur Mitchell, Dance Theatre of Harlem (See also: 1955)
First African-American woman to appear on the Grand Ole Opry: Linda Martell

1970s

1970

First African American to head an Episcopal diocese: John Melville Burgess, diocesan bishop of Massachusetts^[172]
First African-American U.S. Navy Master Diver: Carl Brashear (See also: 1954; 1968)
First African-American member of the New York Stock Exchange: Joseph L. Searles III ^[173]
First African-American NCAA Division I basketball coach: Will Robinson (Illinois State University)^{[Note 19]}

1971

First African-American pitcher to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame: Satchel Paige (See also: Jackie Robinson, 1962)
First African-American president of the New York City Board of Education: Isaiah Edward Robinson, Jr.
First African American to win an Academy Award in a non-acting category, winning Academy Award for Best Original Song: Isaac Hayes

1972

First African American to campaign for the U.S. presidency in a major political party and to win a U.S. presidential primary/caucus: Shirley Chisholm (Democratic Party, New Jersey primary) (See also: 1968)
First African-American superhero to star in own comic-book series: Luke Cage, Marvel Comics' Luke Cage, Hero for Hire #1 (June 1972).^[174]^{[Note 18]} (See also: Lobo, 1965, and the Falcon, 1969)
First African-American National Basketball Association general manager: Wayne Embry
First African-American interracial romantic kiss in a mainstream comics magazine: "The Men Who Called Him Monster", by writer Don McGregor (See also: 1975) and artist Luis Garcia, in Warren Publishing's black-and-white horror-comics magazine Creepy #43 (Jan. 1972) (See also: 1975)^[175]
First African-American interracial male kiss on network television: Sammy Davis, Jr. (African American) and Carroll O'Connor (Caucasian) in All in the Family^[176]
First African American inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame: Team-owner and coach Bob Douglas, in the category of "contributor" (See also: New York Renaissance, 1963; player Bill Russell, 1975; coach Clarence Gaines, 1982)
First African-American woman Broadway director: Vinnette Justine Carroll (Don't Bother Me, I Can't Cope)
First African-American comic-book creator to receive a "created by" cover-credit: Wayne Howard (Midnight Tales #1)

1973

First African-American artistic director of a professional regional theater: Harold Scott (Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park)
First African-American Bond villain: Yaphet Kotto, playing Mr. Big/Dr. Kananga, Live and Let Die.
First African-American Bond Girl in a James Bond movie: Gloria Hendry (playing Rosie Carver), Live and Let Die.
First African American elected mayor of Los Angeles: Tom Bradley
First African-American psychologist in the U.S. Air Force: John D. Robinson
First African-American woman mayor of a U.S. metropolitan city: Doris A. Davis, Compton, California

1974

First African-American woman to win a Primetime Emmy Award: Cicely Tyson, for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie, for The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman
First African-American model on the cover of American Vogue magazine: Beverly Johnson

1975

First African American elected mayor, and first mayor, of Washington, D.C.: Walter Washington
First African-American game show host: Adam Wade (CBS' Musical Chairs)
First African-American four-star general: Daniel James, Jr.
First African American inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame as a player: Bill Russell (See also: New York Renaissance, 1963; Bob Douglas, 1972; Clarence Gaines, 1982)
First African-American interracial couple in a TV-series cast: The Jeffersons, actors Franklin Cover (Caucasian) and Roxie Roker (African American) as Tom & Helen Willis; series creator: Norman Lear
First African-American interracial romantic kiss in a color comic book: Amazing Adventures #31 (July 1975), feature "Killraven: Warrior of the Worlds", characters M'Shulla Scott and Carmilla Frost, by writer Don McGregor and artist P. Craig Russell (See also: 1972)
First African-American manager in Major League Baseball: Frank Robinson (Cleveland Indians)
First African-American model on the cover of Elle magazine: Beverly Johnson
First African-American psychologist in the U.S. Navy: John D. Robinson
First African American to play in a men's major golf championship: Lee Elder (The Masters)
First African American to be named Super Bowl MVP in NFL: Franco Harris (Pittsburgh Steelers). Of mixed heritage, Harris was also first Italian American to win the award.
First African-American women named as Time magazine's Person of the Year: Barbara Jordan and Addie L. Wyatt ^[177]

1976

First African-American woman elected officer of international labor union: Addie L. Wyatt
First African American appointed as a judge in Federal District Court in Virginia: Robert H. Cooley III (1939–1998), appointed to the Eastern District^[178]

1977

First African American, and first woman, appointed director of the Peace Corps: Carolyn R. Payton
First African-American woman in the U.S. Cabinet: Patricia Roberts Harris, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
First African-American woman whose signature appeared on U.S. currency: Azie Taylor Morton, the 36th Treasurer of the United States
First African-American publisher of mainstream gay publication: Alan Bell (Gaysweek)^[179]^[180]
First African-American woman to join the Daughters of the American Revolution: Karen Batchelor^[181]
First African-American Major League Baseball general manager: Bill Lucas (Atlanta Braves)

1978

First African-American broadcast network news anchor: Max Robinson
First African-American woman pilot for a major commercial airline: Jill E. Brown, Texas International Airlines^[182]

1979

First African-American U.S. Marine Corps general officer: Frank E. Petersen
First African-American to win a Daytime Emmy Award for lead actor in a soap opera: Al Freeman, Jr. (Ed Hall in One Life to Live)
First African-American woman ordained in the Lutheran Church in America (LCA), the largest of three denominations that later combined to form the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America: Earlean Miller^[183]

1980s

1980

First African-American-oriented cable channel: Black Entertainment Television^[184]

1981

First African American to play in the NHL: Val James (Buffalo Sabres)^{[Note 20]}

1982

First African American to receive the Pulitzer Prize for Drama: Charles Fuller for A Soldier's Play
First African American inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame as a coach: Clarence Gaines (See also: New York Renaissance, 1963; Bob Douglas, 1972; Bill Russell, 1975)
First African-American U.S. Army four-star General: Roscoe Robinson, Jr.

1983

First African-American astronaut: Guion Stewart "Guy" Bluford, Jr. (Challenger mission STS-8).^[185]^{[Note 21]}
First African-American mayor of Chicago: Harold Washington
First African-American Miss America: Vanessa L. Williams
First African-American owners of a major metropolitan newspaper: Robert C. and Nancy Hicks Maynard, (Oakland Tribune)

1984

First African American to win a delegate-awarding U.S. presidential primary/caucus: Jesse Jackson (Louisiana, the District of Columbia, South Carolina, Virginia and one of two separate Mississippi contests).
First African-American New York City Police Commissioner: Benjamin Ward

1985

First African American to become a member of the U.S. Navy's Blue Angels precision flying team: Donnie Cochran. Also first African American to command the team (1994).
First African-American woman general: Sherian Cadoria

1986

First African-American Formula One racecar driver: Willy T. Ribbs^{[Note 22]} (See also: Ribbs, 1991)
First African-American musicians inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, in the inaugural class: Chuck Berry, James Brown, Ray Charles, Sam Cooke, Fats Domino, and Little Richard

1987

First African-American woman, and first woman, inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: Aretha Franklin

1988

First African-American woman elected to a U.S. judgeship, and first appointed to a state supreme court: Juanita Kidd Stout
First African-American candidate for President of the United States to obtain ballot access in all 50 states: Lenora Fulani
First African-American NFL referee: Johnny Grier

1989

First African-American NFL coach of the modern era: Art Shell, Los Angeles Raiders
First African-American mayor of New York City: David Dinkins
First African-American Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: Colin Powell
First African-American woman, and first woman, ordained bishop in the Episcopal Church: Barbara Clementine Harris
First African-American Chairman of the Democratic National Committee: Ron Brown

1990s

1990

First elected African-American governor: Douglas Wilder (Democrat; Virginia) (See also: P. B. S. Pinchback, 1872)
First African American elected president of the Harvard Law Review: Barack Obama^[186] (See also: 2008, 2009)
First African-American Miss USA: Carole Gist
First African-American Playboy Playmate of the Year: Renee Tenison
First African-American woman to become a principal dancer in a major ballet company: Lauren Anderson (Houston Ballet)^[187]

1991

First African American nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director: John Singleton for Boyz n the Hood
First African American to qualify for the Indianapolis 500 auto race: Willy T. Ribbs (See also: Ribbs, 1986)
First African-American woman mayor of Washington, D.C.: Sharon Pratt Kelly
First African-American NBA Coach of the Year: Don Chaney (Houston Rockets)

1992

First African-American woman astronaut: Dr. Mae Jemison (Space Shuttle Endeavour)
First African-American woman elected to U.S. Senate: Carol Moseley Braun (Democrat; Illinois)
First African-American woman to moderate a Presidential debate : Carole Simpson (second debate of 1992 campaign)

1993

First African-American woman appointed U.S. Secretary of Energy: Hazel R. O'Leary
First African American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature: Toni Morrison
First African-American woman named Poet Laureate of the United States: Rita Dove; also the youngest person named to that position
First African American appointed Surgeon General of the United States: Joycelyn Elders
First African American appointed Director of the National Drug Control Policy: Lee P. Brown
First African-American United States Secretary of Commerce: Ron Brown

1994

First African-American woman director of a major-studio movie: Darnell Martin (Columbia Pictures' I Like It Like That)
First African American to win the United States Amateur Championship: Tiger Woods^{[Note 23]}

1995

First African-American inductee to the Radio Hall of Fame: Hal Jackson
First African-American Sergeant Major of the Army: Gene C. McKinney
First African-American Miss Universe: Chelsi Smith

1996

First African-American U.S. Navy four-star admiral: J. Paul Reason^[188]

1997

First African American to win a men's major golf championship: Tiger Woods (The Masters)^{[Note 23]}
First African-American model to appear on the cover of Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition: Tyra Banks
First African-American UFC champion: Maurice Smith
First African-American actor to star in the lead role in a comic-book adaptation movie (Spawn): Michael Jai White
First African-American Director of the National Park Service: Robert Stanton^[189]

1998

First African American appointed U.S. Secretary of Labor: Alexis Herman
First African-American woman rear admiral in the U.S. Navy: Lillian Fishburne
First African-American Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard: Vincent W. Patton III
First African American to play in the Presidents Cup: Tiger Woods^{[Note 23]}

1999

First African American to be awarded the International Grandmaster title in chess: Maurice Ashley
First African-American Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps: Alford L. McMichael
First African-American CEO of a Fortune 500 company: Franklin Raines of Fannie Mae^[190]
First African-American woman university president: Shirley Ann Jackson at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute^[191]

21st century

2000s

2000

First African American nominated for Vice President of the United States by a Federal Election Commission-recognized and federally funded political party: Ezola B. Foster (See also: 1952; FEC established 1975)

2001

First African-American Secretary of State: Colin Powell
First African-American president of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops: The Most Reverend Wilton Daniel Gregory
First African-American president of the Unitarian Universalist Association: Rev. William G. Sinkford
First African-American president of an Ivy League university: Ruth J. Simmons at Brown University
First African-American woman to win the ASCAP Pop Music Songwriter of the Year award: Beyoncé Knowles
First African-American woman to be appointed National Security Advisor: Republican :Condoleezza Rice (See also: 2005)
First African-American billionaire: Robert L. Johnson, founder of Black Entertainment Television (see also 2002)
First African-American woman billionaire: Sheila Johnson

2002

First African American to become majority owner of a U.S. major sports league team: Robert L. Johnson (Charlotte Bobcats, NBA)^{[Note 24]} (see also 2001)
First African-American woman combat pilot in the U.S. Armed Services: Captain Vernice Armour, USMC (See also: 2008)
First African American to be ranked #1 rank in tennis: Venus Williams
First African American to be named year-end world champion by the International Tennis Federation: Serena Williams
First African-American Arena Football League head coach to win ArenaBowl: Darren Arbet (San Jose SaberCats), ArenaBowl XVI
First African-American general manager in the National Football League: Ozzie Newsome (Baltimore Ravens)
First African-American winner of the Eurovision Song Contest: Dave Benton ("Everybody")
First African-American woman to win the Academy Award for Best Actress: Halle Berry

2003

First African American to win a Career Grand Slam in tennis: Serena Williams (See also: Althea Gibson, 1956; Arthur Ashe, 1968)
First African-American American Bar Association president: Dennis Archer^[192]

2004

First African-American to win Broadway theater's Tony Award for Best Lead Actress in a Play: Phylicia Rashād
First African-American inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame: Charlie Sifford

2005

First African-American woman appointed Secretary of State: Condoleezza Rice (See also: 2001)
First African-American woman U.S. Coast Guard aviator: Jeanine Menze

2006

First African American to command a United States Marine Corps division: Major General Walter E. Gaskin
First African American to reach the peak of Mount Everest: Sophia Danenberg

2007

First known African-American woman to reach the North Pole: Barbara Hillary^[193]
First African-American White House Chief Usher: Stephen Rochon^[194]

2008

First African American to be nominated as a major-party U.S. presidential candidate: Barack Obama, Democratic Party^[195]
First African American elected President of the United States: Barack Obama^[196]
First African American to referee a Super Bowl game: Mike Carey (Super Bowl XLII)
First African-American woman elected Speaker of a state House of Representatives: California Rep. Karen Bass
First African American to be appointed to the United States Senate by a state governor: Roland Burris
First African-American woman combat pilot in the United States Air Force: Major Shawna Rochelle Kimbrell (See also: 2002)

2009

First African-American First Lady of the United States: Michelle Obama
First African-American chair of the Republican National Committee: Michael Steele
First African-American United States Attorney General: Eric Holder
First African-American woman United States Ambassador to the United Nations: Susan Rice
First African-American United States Trade Representative: Ron Kirk
First African-American woman Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency: Lisa P. Jackson
First African-American White House Social Secretary: Desirée Rogers
First African American to appear by himself on a circulating U.S. coin: Duke Ellington (District of Columbia quarter).^[197]
First African American to win the Pulitzer Prize for History: Annette Gordon-Reed, The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family
First African-American Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Charles F. Bolden, Jr.
First African-American woman rabbi: Alysa Stanton
First African-American woman CEO of a Fortune 500 company: Ursula Burns, Xerox Corporation.
First African-American doubles team to be named year-end world champion by the International Tennis Federation: Serena and Venus Williams
First African American to win an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay (Precious): Geoffrey S. Fletcher
First African-American animated Disney Princess: Tiana

2010s

2011

First African-American Director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons: Charles E. Samuels, Jr.^[198]

2012

First African American to be re-elected President of the United States: Barack Obama^[199]
First African-American Combatant Commander of United States Central Command: Lloyd Austin^[200]
First African American elected president of the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC): Fred Luter^[201]^[202]

2013

First African-American senator from the former Confederacy since Reconstruction: Tim Scott^[203]
First African-American president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences: Cheryl Boone Isaacs^[204]
First African-American United States Secretary of Homeland Security: Jeh Johnson^[205]
First African-American world all-around champion: Simone Biles

2014

First African-American woman four-star admiral: Michelle J. Howard^[206]
First African-American woman Republican to be elected to the United States Congress: Mia Love, elected in Utah ^[207]
First African-American senator to be elected in the South since Reconstruction: Tim Scott, elected in South Carolina^[207]
First African-American to have been elected to both the House and the Senate: Tim Scott ^[208]
First African-American woman to be nominated for Best Director by the Golden Globe Awards: Ava DuVernay for Selma^[209]

2015

First African-American woman to be Attorney General of the United States: Loretta Lynch^[210]
First African-American to lead a major intelligence agency: Vincent R. Stewart, Defense Intelligence Agency^[211]
First African-American to be inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame: Wendell Scott^[212] (See also: 1952)
First African-American commissioner of a major North American sports league: Jeffrey Orridge, Canadian Football League^[213]
First African-American elected as presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church: Bishop Michael Curry^[214]
First African-American woman American Bar Association president: Paulette Brown^[215]

Notes

↑ This claim is contested by the First Baptist Church, Petersburg, Virginia (1774) and the First Colored Baptist Church, renamed First African Baptist Church, Savannah, Georgia (1777).
↑ Because it was published in the U.K., the book is not the first African-American novel published in the United States. This credit goes to one of two disputed books: Harriet Wilson's Our Nig (1859), brought to light by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. in 1982; or Julia C. Collins' The Curse of Caste; or The Slave Bride (1865), brought to light by William L. Andrews, an English literature professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and Mitch Kachun, a history professor at Western Michigan University, in 2006. Andrews and Kachun document Our Nig as a novelized autobiography, and argue that The Curse of Caste is the first fully fictional novel by an African American to be published in the U.S.
↑ Founded earlier; not fully owned and operated by African Americans until 1863
↑ Revels, the Mississippi State Senate's Adams County representative, was elected by the U.S. Senate in January 1870 to fill an unexpired term.
↑ Rainey, a South Carolina state senator, was elected to fill the seat vacated by B. Franklin Whittemore. Rainey took his seat on December 12, 1870. John Willis Menard was actually the first African-American elected to the House (1868) but he was denied his seat.
↑ Douglass did not seek the nomination or campaign after being nominated.
↑ Parker graduated from Mount Holyoke when it was still a seminary.
↑ This was previously thought to be Sarah E. Goode (for the cabinet bed, Chicago, Illinois).^[57]
↑ His son, Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., was the first African-American general in the United States Air Force.
↑ Gravely was also the first African American to command a U.S. Navy warship (1962), and the first promoted to the rank of admiral (1971).
↑ L. Clifford Davis applied to the law school in 1946, and after several failed attempts was granted admission in September 1947, but was unable to enroll in classes. Hunt later enrolled on February 2, 1948.^[119]
↑ While considered a network for regulatory reasons, CBS TV was viewable only locally in 1948. By 1956, CBS and other networks were viewable nationwide.
↑ Clifton was the first to sign an NBA contract and subsequently play, Cooper was the first to be drafted by an NBA team, and Lloyd was the first to play in an NBA regular-season game because his team's opening game was one day before the others.
↑ At that time, nominations were announced in November of the year of release, instead of early the following year.
↑ While two black players won Gold Gloves that year, only Mays is African-American. The other, Minnie Miñoso, is Afro-Cuban.
↑ In 1998, the award would be renamed the Oscar Robertson Trophy after its first recipient.
↑ Harris' milestone came a year after Marlon Green, who had been rejected as a Continental Airlines applicant in 1957, won the United States Supreme Court case "Colorado Anti-Discrimination Commission v. Continental Airlines, Inc. 372 U.S. 714 no. 146" which found Green had been unlawfully discriminated against.^[163]
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 The first Black superhero, Marvel's Black Panther, introduced in Fantastic Four #52 (July 1966), is African, not African-American. This is also true of the first Black character to star in his own mainstream comic-book feature, Waku, Prince of the Bantu, who headlined one of four features in the multiple-character omnibus series Jungle Tales (September 1954 – September 1955), from Marvel's 1950s predecessor, Atlas Comics.
↑ At the time, the NCAA had not yet adopted its three-division system. Illinois State was in the NCAA University Division, which became Division I in 1973. The NCAA retroactively considers University Division members to have been Division I members.
↑ The NHL had fielded black players for more than 20 years, with the first being Willie O'Ree in 1958, but all previous black players were Black Canadians and not African Americans. In 1996, Mike Grier (Edmonton Oilers) became the first to have been both born and exclusively trained in the U.S., per Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Cosmonaut Arnaldo Mendez was the first person of African descent in space, in 1980.
↑ Lewis Hamilton became the first black Formula One racer in 2006, but he is a British citizen of Grenadan ancestry, and not an African American. Ribbs did not compete in a race, but drove a Formula One car professionally in January 1986 as a tester for the Brabham–BMW at Estoril, Portugal.
↑ ^23.0 ^23.1 ^23.2 Woods' mixed ancestry — ¼ Chinese, ¼ Thai, ¼ African-American, ⅛ white, and ⅛ Native American — also makes him the first Asian American to achieve this feat. He is also the first of only four golfers of primarily non-European descent to win a men's major, with the others being Vijay Singh (an Indian Fijian), Michael Campbell (a Māori from New Zealand), and Y.E. Yang (South Korean).
↑ Announced as Bobcats owner in December 2002, although team did not begin play until 2004.

References

Footnotes

↑ Juguo, Zhang (2001). W. E. B. Du Bois: The Quest for the Abolition of the Color Line. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-93087-1
↑ Herbst, Philip H (1997). The Color of Words: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Ethnic Bias in the United States. Intercultural Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-877864-97-1
↑ Sailes, Gary Alan (1998). "Jackie Robinson: Breaking the Color Barrier in Team Sports". African Americans in Sport: Contemporary Themes, Transaction Publishers. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7658-0440-2
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ He was of mixed race, one-quarter African and three-quarters European, and listed in the US Census as white.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^19.0 ^19.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^20.0 ^20.1 ^20.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^23.0 ^23.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Smith 2002, p. 134–135.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^57.0 ^57.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^59.0 ^59.1 ^59.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Potter 2002, p. 345–346.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^81.0 ^81.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^99.0 ^99.1 ^99.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Matt Baker at the Grand Comics Database. Archived from the original on April 24, 2015. Artist credits were not routinely given in comic books in the 1940s, so comprehensive credits are difficult if not impossible to ascertain.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^112.0 ^112.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Smith 2002, p. 700.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Smith 2003, p. 676.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^144.0 ^144.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Presented May 4, 1959, for recordings made in 1958.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Colorado Anti-Discrimination Comm'n v. Continental Air Lines, Inc., 372 U.S., 714 (Supreme Court 1963-04-22).
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Update of Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Note: Asian-American interracial marriage had previously been portrayed.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Bell, Gregory S. (2002). "Joe Searles". In In the Black: A History of African Americans on Wall Street. John Wiley and Sons. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-471-21485-4. Retrieved January 30, 2009.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ The earliest known humorous interracial kiss was in the story "Home Cooking" in Premier Magazine's satirical comic book Nuts #1 (March 1954), per its listing at the Grand Comics Database.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. In the comedy All in the Family, at the last moment as a picture is taken, Sammy Davis, Jr., playing himself, chides the bigoted but celebrity-fawning Archie Bunker with a humorous kiss on the cheek.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Seabaugh, Cathy (February 1994). "BLK: Focused Coverage for African-American Gays & Lesbians". Chicago Outlines.
↑ Chestnut, Mark (June 1992). "BLK: Getting Glossy". Island Lifestyle.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Historic Listing of National Park Service Officials, USDI, NPS, May 1, 1991, by Harold Danz. Updates after publication by Public Affairs.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Cf. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ ^207.0 ^207.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Bibliography

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

President Obama's Speech to the NAACP on July 16, 2009 – full video by MSNBC
Weiner, David * "African-American Firsts In New York", The Huffington Post, August 4, 2009
Mance, Ajuan "Timeline: Black Firsts in Higher Education", Blackoncampus.com, November 5, 2009

[9] This claim is contested by the First Baptist Church, Petersburg, Virginia (1774) and the First Colored Baptist Church, renamed First African Baptist Church, Savannah, Georgia (1777).

[22] Because it was published in the U.K., the book is not the first African-American novel published in the United States. This credit goes to one of two disputed books: Harriet Wilson's Our Nig (1859), brought to light by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. in 1982; or Julia C. Collins' The Curse of Caste; or The Slave Bride (1865), brought to light by William L. Andrews, an English literature professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and Mitch Kachun, a history professor at Western Michigan University, in 2006. Andrews and Kachun document Our Nig as a novelized autobiography, and argue that The Curse of Caste is the first fully fictional novel by an African American to be published in the U.S.

[31] Founded earlier; not fully owned and operated by African Americans until 1863

[46] Revels, the Mississippi State Senate's Adams County representative, was elected by the U.S. Senate in January 1870 to fill an unexpired term.

[48] Rainey, a South Carolina state senator, was elected to fill the seat vacated by B. Franklin Whittemore. Rainey took his seat on December 12, 1870. John Willis Menard was actually the first African-American elected to the House (1868) but he was denied his seat.

[52] Douglass did not seek the nomination or campaign after being nominated.

[parker-62] Parker graduated from Mount Holyoke when it was still a seminary.

[goode-65] This was previously thought to be Sarah E. Goode (for the cabinet bed, Chicago, Illinois).^[57]

[Davis.2C_Jr.-111] His son, Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., was the first African-American general in the United States Air Force.

[gravely-117] Gravely was also the first African American to command a U.S. Navy warship (1962), and the first promoted to the rank of admiral (1971).

[130] L. Clifford Davis applied to the law school in 1946, and after several failed attempts was granted admission in September 1947, but was unable to enroll in classes. Hunt later enrolled on February 2, 1948.^[119]

[133] While considered a network for regulatory reasons, CBS TV was viewable only locally in 1948. By 1956, CBS and other networks were viewable nationwide.

[149] Clifton was the first to sign an NBA contract and subsequently play, Cooper was the first to be drafted by an NBA team, and Lloyd was the first to play in an NBA regular-season game because his team's opening game was one day before the others.

[dandridge-nomination-158] At that time, nominations were announced in November of the year of release, instead of early the following year.

[170] While two black players won Gold Gloves that year, only Mays is African-American. The other, Minnie Miñoso, is Afro-Cuban.

[173] In 1998, the award would be renamed the Oscar Robertson Trophy after its first recipient.

[airline-180] Harris' milestone came a year after Marlon Green, who had been rejected as a Continental Airlines applicant in 1957, won the United States Supreme Court case "Colorado Anti-Discrimination Commission v. Continental Airlines, Inc. 372 U.S. 714 no. 146" which found Green had been unlawfully discriminated against.^[163]

[marvel-184] 18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 The first Black superhero, Marvel's Black Panther, introduced in Fantastic Four #52 (July 1966), is African, not African-American. This is also true of the first Black character to star in his own mainstream comic-book feature, Waku, Prince of the Bantu, who headlined one of four features in the multiple-character omnibus series Jungle Tales (September 1954 – September 1955), from Marvel's 1950s predecessor, Atlas Comics.

[192] At the time, the NCAA had not yet adopted its three-division system. Illinois State was in the NCAA University Division, which became Division I in 1973. The NCAA retroactively considers University Division members to have been Division I members.

[204] The NHL had fielded black players for more than 20 years, with the first being Willie O'Ree in 1958, but all previous black players were Black Canadians and not African Americans. In 1996, Mike Grier (Edmonton Oilers) became the first to have been both born and exclusively trained in the U.S., per Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[206] Cosmonaut Arnaldo Mendez was the first person of African descent in space, in 1980.

[207] Lewis Hamilton became the first black Formula One racer in 2006, but he is a British citizen of Grenadan ancestry, and not an African American. Ribbs did not compete in a race, but drove a Formula One car professionally in January 1986 as a tester for the Brabham–BMW at Estoril, Portugal.

[Tiger-210] 23.0 ^23.1 ^23.2 Woods' mixed ancestry — ¼ Chinese, ¼ Thai, ¼ African-American, ⅛ white, and ⅛ Native American — also makes him the first Asian American to achieve this feat. He is also the first of only four golfers of primarily non-European descent to win a men's major, with the others being Vijay Singh (an Indian Fijian), Michael Campbell (a Māori from New Zealand), and Y.E. Yang (South Korean).

[215] Announced as Bobcats owner in December 2002, although team did not begin play until 2004.

[1] Juguo, Zhang (2001). W. E. B. Du Bois: The Quest for the Abolition of the Color Line. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-93087-1

[2] Herbst, Philip H (1997). The Color of Words: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Ethnic Bias in the United States. Intercultural Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-877864-97-1

[3] Sailes, Gary Alan (1998). "Jackie Robinson: Breaking the Color Barrier in Team Sports". African Americans in Sport: Contemporary Themes, Transaction Publishers. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7658-0440-2

[4] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[5] He was of mixed race, one-quarter African and three-quarters European, and listed in the US Census as white.

[Shields2010-6] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[SilverBluff1-7] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[8] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Haverington2012-10] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[11] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[12] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[13] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[14] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Melish1998-15] 14.0 ^14.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[ByrdClayton2000-16] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[17] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Ward2003-18] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[AnzovinPodell2001-19] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[JacksonJohnson2011-20] 19.0 ^19.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Potter200926-21] 20.0 ^20.1 ^20.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[nytsmith-23] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[24] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Militelio1963-25] 23.0 ^23.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Zack1995-26] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[FonerBranham-27] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Rubio2010-28] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[29] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[JacksonNunn2003-30] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[FOOTNOTESmith2002134.E2.80.93135-32] Smith 2002, p. 134–135.

[33] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[34] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[35] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[36] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Holland2007-37] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Lynch2012-38] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Stodghill-39] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[40] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[41] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[42] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[npl-43] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[SollorsTitcomb1993-44] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Wasniewski2012-45] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[47] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[49] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Dray2008-50] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Deskins2010-51] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[53] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[54] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[55] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[56] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Hoffbeck2005-57] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[58] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[GatesHigginbotham2004-59] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[SewellDwight2012-60] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Hine2005-61] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[DorinsonWarmund1999-63] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Sluby2004-64] 57.0 ^57.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[66] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[nypd-67] 59.0 ^59.1 ^59.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[TardifSociety2013-68] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Kinshasa2006-69] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Moore2003-70] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Miller1995-71] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[72] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Davis2013-73] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[lew2010-74] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Marlowe2003-75] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Conner2001-76] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[77] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Jr.2010-78] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[FOOTNOTEPotter2002345.E2.80.93346-79] Potter 2002, p. 345–346.

[80] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[81] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Sawyers2012-82] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[83] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[84] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[85] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[MillerPruitt-Logan2012-86] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[BBC2008-87] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Theoharis1999-88] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[WilsonAddams2006-89] 81.0 ^81.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[LyghtKeaton2012-90] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[91] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Boston1997-92] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[93] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[94] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[95] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[96] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[97] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[ShermanMaxwell-98] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Howard2008-99] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Nordin1997-100] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Baker2010-101] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[StrunkTreitler1998-102] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[103] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[hymans-104] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[105] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[106] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Bogle2001-107] 99.0 ^99.1 ^99.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Jackson1993-108] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Smock2009-109] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[110] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Epstein2010-112] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[psn-113] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[114] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Stillwell2003-115] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[GravelyStillwell2010-116] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Olsen1994-118] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[gcd-119] Matt Baker at the Grand Comics Database. Archived from the original on April 24, 2015. Artist credits were not routinely given in comic books in the 1940s, so comprehensive credits are difficult if not impossible to ascertain.

[Walton2012-120] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[BrownStentiford2008-121] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[ParksBradley2012-122] 112.0 ^112.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[123] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Sperb2012-124] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Hardesty2008-125] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Smith2008-126] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[FOOTNOTESmith2002700-127] Smith 2002, p. 700.

[128] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[129] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Hill1986-131] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[132] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[O.27Dell2012-134] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[135] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Lusane2006-136] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Rosenberg2013-137] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[138] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[139] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[140] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Henry1999-141] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[judiciary-142] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[143] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[144] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[NBA.com_1950_Color_Line-145] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[146] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[147] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[kcstar-148] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[FOOTNOTESmith2003676-150] Smith 2003, p. 676.

[151] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Smith1996-152] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Peterson2012-153] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[GatesHigginbotham2004c-154] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[155] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[roofbrashear-156] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Otfinoski2010-157] 144.0 ^144.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[159] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Keiler2002-160] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[161] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[162] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[163] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[164] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[165] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[166] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[167] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[LowellNYTObit-168] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Heaphy2006-169] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[171] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[172] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Presented May 4, 1959, for recordings made in 1958.

[174] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[175] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[chesslife-176] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[177] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[178] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[179] Colorado Anti-Discrimination Comm'n v. Continental Air Lines, Inc., 372 U.S., 714 (Supreme Court 1963-04-22).

[181] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Update of Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Note: Asian-American interracial marriage had previously been portrayed.

[182] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[183] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[185] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[prime-186] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[nytimesobit-187] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[horn-188] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Boyd2008-189] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[190] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[191] Bell, Gregory S. (2002). "Joe Searles". In In the Black: A History of African Americans on Wall Street. John Wiley and Sons. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-471-21485-4. Retrieved January 30, 2009.

[BouldButler2009-193] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[194] The earliest known humorous interracial kiss was in the story "Home Cooking" in Premier Magazine's satirical comic book Nuts #1 (March 1954), per its listing at the Grand Comics Database.

[195] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. In the comedy All in the Family, at the last moment as a picture is taken, Sammy Davis, Jr., playing himself, chides the bigoted but celebrity-fawning Archie Bunker with a humorous kiss on the cheek.

[196] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[197] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[198] Seabaugh, Cathy (February 1994). "BLK: Focused Coverage for African-American Gays & Lesbians". Chicago Outlines.

[199] Chestnut, Mark (June 1992). "BLK: Getting Glossy". Island Lifestyle.

[200] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[201] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[202] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[203] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[JonesTripp1998-205] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[208] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[209] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[211] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[212] Historic Listing of National Park Service Officials, USDI, NPS, May 1, 1991, by Harold Danz. Updates after publication by Public Affairs.

[213] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[214] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[216] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[217] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[218] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[npr1409-219] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[votes-220] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[221] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[222] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[223] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[224] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[225] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Cf. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[226] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[227] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[228] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[229] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[230] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[auto-231] 207.0 ^207.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[232] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[233] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[234] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[235] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[236] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[Rush-237] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[238] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[239] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[Note 1]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[Note 2]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[Note 3]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[Note 4]

[43]

[Note 5]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[Note 6]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[Note 7]

[56]

[57]

[Note 8]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]