List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
A Category 5 Atlantic hurricane is a tropical cyclone that reaches Category 5 intensity on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, within the Atlantic Ocean to the north of the equator. They are among the strongest tropical cyclones that can form on Earth, having 1-minute sustained wind speeds of at least 137 knots (254 km/h; 158 mph; 70 m/s). The United States National Hurricane Center currently estimates that 11 tropical cyclones between 1851 (the first Atlantic hurricane season to be included in the official Atlantic tropical cyclone record) and 1959 peaked as Category 5 hurricanes. However, because technologies such as satellite monitoring were not available until the 1960s, some such cyclones may have remained undetected. Since 1960, 28 Atlantic hurricanes have reached Category 5, with the most recent being Hurricane Ian in 2022.[1]
Contents
Background
Within the Atlantic Ocean to the north of the Equator, hurricanes are officially monitored by the United States's National Hurricane Center (NHC), however, other meteorological services, such as Météo-France, the United Kingdom's Met Office and Environment Canada also monitor the basin. Within the region, a Category 5 hurricane is considered to be a tropical cyclone that has 1-minute mean maximum sustained wind speeds of 137 knots (254 km/h; 158 mph; 70 m/s) or greater on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale at 10 metres (32.8 ft) above ground.[2]
A total of 39 tropical cyclones have been estimated to have peaked as Category 5 hurricanes on the SSHWS, with the first occurrence recorded in 1924. No Category 5 hurricanes were observed officially before 1924. It can be presumed that earlier storms reached Category 5 strength over open waters, but the strongest winds were not measured. Although anemometer, a device used for measuring wind speed, was invented in 1846, during major hurricane strikes the instruments were often blown away or damaged, leaving the hurricane's peak intensity unrecorded. For example, as the Great Beaufort Hurricane of 1879 struck North Carolina, the anemometer cups were blown away when indicating 138 mph (222 km/h).[3]
As of May 2018[update], a reanalysis of weather data was ongoing by researchers who may upgrade or downgrade Atlantic hurricanes.[4] For example, the 1825 Santa Ana hurricane is suspected to have reached Category 5 strength.[5] Furthermore, paleotempestological research aims to identify past major hurricanes by comparing sedimentary evidence of recent and past hurricane strikes. For example, a "giant hurricane" significantly more powerful than Hurricane Hattie (Category 5) has been identified in Belizean sediment, having struck the region sometime before 1500.[6]
Records
Officially, the decade with the most Category 5 hurricanes is 2000–2009, with eight Category 5 hurricanes having occurred: Isabel (2003), Ivan (2004), Emily (2005), Katrina (2005), Rita (2005), Wilma (2005), Dean (2007), and Felix (2007). The previous decades with the most Category 5 hurricanes were the 1930s and 1960s, with six occurring between 1930 and 1939.[7] The most Category 5 hurricanes recorded in a single season is four, in 2005. The most consecutive years to feature at least one Category 5 hurricane each is four, from 2016 to 2019.[8]
Nine Atlantic hurricanes—Camille, Allen, Andrew, Isabel, Ivan, Dean, Felix, Irma and Maria—reached Category 5 intensity on more than one occasion; that is, by reaching Category 5 intensity, weakening to a Category 4 status or lower, and then becoming a Category 5 hurricane again. Such hurricanes have their dates shown together. Camille, Andrew, Dean, Felix, Irma, and Maria each attained Category 5 status twice during their lifespans. Allen, Isabel, and Ivan reached Category 5 intensity on three separate occasions. The 1932 Cuba hurricane holds the record for the most time spent as a Category 5 hurricane (although it took place before satellite or aircraft reconnaissance, so this record may be somewhat suspect). Irma holds the record for the longest continuous span as a Category 5 storm in the satellite era.[7][9]
Of the 39 Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes on record, 1 has been recorded in July, 8 in August, 21 in September, 6 in October, and 1 in November. There have been no officially recorded June or off-season Category 5 hurricanes.[7]
The July and August Category 5 hurricanes reached their high intensities in both the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. These are the areas most favorable for tropical cyclone development in those months.[7][10]
September sees the most Category 5 hurricanes, with over half of the total. This coincides with the climatological peak of the Atlantic hurricane season, which occurs in early September.[11] September Category 5s reached their strengths in any of the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and open Atlantic. These places are where September tropical cyclones are likely to form.[10] Many of these hurricanes are either Cape Verde hurricanes, which develop their strength by having a great deal of open water; or so-called Bahama busters, which intensify over the warm Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico.[12]
All but one of the Category 5 hurricanes in October and November (the exception being Michael) reached their intensities in the western Caribbean, a region that Atlantic hurricanes strongly gravitate toward late in the season.[10] This is due to the climatology of the area, which sometimes has a high-altitude anticyclone that promotes rapid intensification late in the season, as well as warm waters.
Systems
Name | Dates at Category 5 intensity |
Duration at Category 5 intensity |
Peak intensity | Areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths | Refs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wind speed | Pressure | |||||||
"Cuba" | October 19, 1924 | 12 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | Central America, Mexico, Cuba Florida, The Bahamas |
90 | [13][14] | |
"San Felipe II Okeechobee" |
September 13–14, 1928 | 12 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | Lesser Antilles, The Bahamas United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada |
$100 million | 4,000 | [15] |
"Bahamas" | September 5–6, 1932 | 1 day | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | The Bahamas, Northeastern United States | 16 | [16] | |
"Camagüey" | November 5–8, 1932 | 3 days 6 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | Lesser Antilles, Jamaica, Cayman Islands Cuba, The Bahamas, Bermuda |
$40 million | 3,103 | [17] |
"Cuba–Brownsville" | August 30, 1933 | 12 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | The Bahamas, Cuba, Florida Texas, Tamaulipas |
$27.9 million | 179 | [18] |
"Tampico" | September 21, 1933 | 12 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | Jamaica, Yucatán Peninsula | $5 million | 184 | [19] |
"Labor Day" | September 3, 1935 | 18 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | The Bahamas, Florida, Georgia The Carolinas, Virginia |
408 | [20] | |
"New England" | September 19–20, 1938 | 18 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | Eastern United States, Southwestern Quebec | $306 million | 682 | [21] |
"Great Atlantic" | September 13, 1944 | 18 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | Eastern United States, Atlantic Canada | $100 million | 300 | [22] |
Carol | September 3, 1953 | 12 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | Bermuda, New England, Atlantic Canada | $2 million | 5 | [23] |
Janet | September 27–28, 1955 | 18 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | Lesser Antilles, Central America | $65.8 million | 1,023 | [24] |
Esther | September 17, 1961 | 18 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | East Coast of the United States | $6 million | 7 | [25] |
Hattie | October 31, 1961 | 6 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | Central America | $60.3 million | 319 | [26][27] |
Inez | September 28–29, 1966 | 1 day | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | Greater Antilles, Florida, Mexico | $229 million | 756 | [28] |
Beulah | September 20, 1967 | 18 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | The Caribbean, Mexico, Texas | $208 million | 59 | [29] |
Camille | August 16–18, 1969 † | 1 day 6 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | Cuba, United States Gulf Coast | $1.42 billion | 259 | [30] |
Edith | September 9, 1971 | 6 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | The Caribbean, Central America Mexico, United States Gulf Coast |
$25.4 million | 37 | [31] |
Anita | September 2, 1977 | 12 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | Mexico | Unknown | 11 | [32] |
David | August 30–31, 1979 | 1 day 18 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | The Caribbean, United States East coast | $1.54 billion | 2,068 | [33][34] |
Allen | August 5–9, 1980 † | 3 days | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | The Caribbean, Yucatán Peninsula Mexico, South Texas |
$1.57 billion | 269 | [33][35][36] |
Gilbert | September 13–14, 1988 | 1 day | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | Jamaica, Venezuela, Central America Hispaniola, Mexico |
$2.98 billion | 318 | [37][38] |
Hugo | September 15, 1989 | 6 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | The Caribbean, United States East Coast | $10 billion | 107 | [30][39][40] |
Andrew | August 23–24, 1992 † | 16 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | The Bahamas, Florida, United States Gulf Coast | $26.5 billion | 65 | [30][41] |
Mitch | October 26–28, 1998 | 1 day 18 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, South Florida | $6.08 billion | 11,374 | [42][43][44][45] |
Isabel | September 11–14, 2003 † | 1 day 18 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | Greater Antilles, Bahamas Eastern United States, Ontario |
$5.37 billion | 51 | [30][46] |
Ivan | September 9–14, 2004 † | 2 days 12 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | The Caribbean, Venezuela, United States Gulf Coast | $23.3 billion | 124 | [30][47] |
Emily | July 16, 2005 | 6 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | Windward Islands, Jamaica, Mexico, Texas | $1.01 billion | 17 | [48] |
Katrina | August 28–29, 2005 | 18 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | Bahamas, United States Gulf Coast | $125 billion | 1,836 | [49] |
Rita | September 21–22, 2005 | 1 day | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | Cuba, United States Gulf Coast | $12 billion | 125 | [50] |
Wilma | October 19, 2005 | 18 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | Greater Antilles, Central America, Florida | $29.4 billion | 87 | [51][52][53][54] |
Dean | August 18–21, 2007 † | 1 day | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | The Caribbean, Central America | $1.76 billion | 45 | [33][55][56] |
Felix | September 3–4, 2007 † | 1 day | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | Nicaragua, Honduras | $720 million | 133 | [57][56][58][59] |
Matthew | October 1, 2016 | 12 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | Antilles, Venezuela, Colombia United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada |
$15.1 billion | 603 | [60] |
Irma | September 5–9, 2017 † | 3 days | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | Cape Verde, The Caribbean, Virgin Islands Cuba, Florida |
$64.8 billion | 138 | [61] |
Maria | September 18–20, 2017 † | 1 day 4 hours 15 minutes |
Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | Lesser Antilles, Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico Dominican Republic, Turks and Caicos Islands |
$91.4 billion | 3,018 | [62] |
Michael | October 10, 2018 | 30 minutes | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | Central America, United States Gulf Coast | $25.1 billion | 74 | [63] |
Dorian | September 1–2, 2019 | 1 day 6 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | The Caribbean, The Bahamas United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada, Greenland |
$5 billion | 84 | [64] |
Lorenzo | September 29, 2019 | 3 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | Cabo Verde, Azores, Western Europe | $367 million | 20 | [65] |
Ian | September 28, 2022 | 6 hours | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). | Caribbean, Cuba, Florida, The Carolinas | $113 billion | 160 | [66] |
Legend: † Discontinuous duration (weakened below Category 5 then restrengthened to that classification) |
Other systems
The 1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane and Hurricanes Dog (1950), Easy (1951), Cleo (1958), Donna (1960), Ethel (1960) and Carla (1961) were all originally estimated to have Category 5 sustained wind speeds. However, later systematic studies by the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project found that the wind speeds associated with these systems were overestimated and downgraded them to either Category 4 or 3. Most recently, Hurricane Iota (2020) was operationally considered to be a category 5 hurricane, with estimated 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 140 kn (160 mph; 260 km/h)[convert: %s]%s.[67] However, during their routine post-analysis best track process after the season, the NHC downgraded Iota to a Category 4 hurricane as a result of post season reanalysis, which suggested that there was a high bias in windspeeds derived from the Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer instrument.[67]
Number by month
Month | Number of cyclones |
---|---|
July |
1
|
August |
7
|
September |
24
|
October |
6
|
November |
1
|
Landfalls
Nearly all Atlantic Category 5 hurricanes have made landfall at some location while a tropical or subtropical cyclone. This is primarily because of their proximity to land in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, where the usual synoptic weather patterns carry them towards land, as opposed to the westward, oceanic mean track of Eastern Pacific hurricanes.[68] Nineteen of the storms made landfall at least once while at Category 5 intensity;[7] 2007 and 2017 are the only years in which two storms made landfall at this intensity.[7] All but four landfalling systems (Carol, Esther, Mitch and Isabel) did so at major hurricane strength.
Many of these systems made landfall shortly after weakening from a Category 5 hurricane. This weakening can be caused by dry air near land, shallower waters due to shelving, interaction with land, eyewall replacement cycles, increased vertical wind shear, or cooler waters near shore.[49][citation needed] The only Atlantic Category 5 hurricane that did not make landfall while a tropical or subtropical cyclone was Hurricane Lorenzo (and so is not included in the table below), though it still brought hurricane-force winds to the Azores.
The following table lists these hurricanes by landfall intensity.
See also
- Atlantic hurricane season
- List of Atlantic hurricanes
- List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
- List of Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes
- List of Category 2 Atlantic hurricanes
- List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes
- List of Category 4 Pacific hurricanes
- List of Category 3 Pacific hurricanes
- Pacific hurricane season
- List of Pacific hurricanes
References
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.(subscription required)
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 57.0 57.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 61.0 61.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 67.0 67.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
External links
- Pages containing links to subscription-only content
- Articles with short description
- Use mdy dates from November 2018
- Articles with invalid date parameter in template
- Pages with broken file links
- Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018
- Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019
- Featured lists
- Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
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